Subtitle:

Carrion-exploiting community - necrophages and their parasitoids

Contributor:

Polish Academy of Sciences. Institute of Ecology

Publisher:

Polish Academy of Sciences. Institute of Ecology. Publishing Office

Place of publishing:

Dziekanów Leśny

Description:

Pages 49-72 : illustrations ; 27 cm ; Bibliographical references (pages 70-72)

Type of object:

Journal/Article

Abstract:

In a beech forest on limestone. the community of carrion (dead Arion ater slugs) exploiting Diptera and their parasitoids (Hymenoptera) was studied. The carcass sustained 17 species of Diptera and 12 of Hymenoptera. With the exception of Kleidotoma psiloides (Eucoilidae), all of the parasitoid species bred were polyphagous and attacked all of the fly species present. The populations of the fly and wasp species were highly aggregated. The degree of aggregation depended in an inversely manner on the density. The dispersion of the parasitoids was independent from the number of hosts. Diptera, which lay their eggs in a late stage of decay, showed a negative correlation between aggregation and the weight of the slugs. There was no interspecific competition detectable between the fly species. The parasitoids did compete markedly only at high levels of parasitism. The parasitoids showed only a weak (negative) density dependent reaction to the number of hosts present. The degree of density dependence was more pronounced in the more infrequent species. The total parasitoid numbers increased in a linear manner with increasing host densities, and therefore the overall parasitism rate was roughly constant for different host numbers. Large predators and necrophages (Silphidae, Carabidae, Arion ater) had a high impact on the mortality of the flies and wasps. In experimental boxes that allowed free access to these species, they totally prevented the developrnent of phorid flies and their parasitoids.

References:

Alien J. C., Schaffer W. M., Rosko D. 1993 - Chaos reduces species extinction by amplifying local population noise - Nature 364: 29-232.
Atkinson W. D., Shorrocks B. 1981 - Competition on a divided and ephemeral resource: a simulation model - J. Anim. Ecol. 50: 461-471.
Atkinson W. D., Shorrocks B. 1984 - Aggregation of larval Diptera over discrete and ephemeral breeding sites: the implications for coexistence - Am. Nat. 124: 336-351.
Beaver R. A. 1977 - Non-equilibrium „island” communities: Diptera breeding in dead slugs - J. Anim. Ecol. 46: 783-798.
Braack L. E. O. 1987 - Community dynamics of carrion-attendant arthropods in tropical African woodland - Oecologia 72: 402-409.
Caswell H. 1976 - Community structure: a neutral model analysis - Ecol. Monogr. 46: 327-354.
Comins H. N., Hassell M. P. 1987 - The dynamics of predation and competition in patchy environments - Theor. Pop. Biol. 31: 393-421.
Dempster J. P. 1983 - The natural control of populations of butterflies and moths - Biol. Rev. 58: 461-481.
Denno R. F., Cothran W. R. 1975 - Niche relationships of a guild of necrophagous flies - Ann. Entomol. Soc. America 68: 741-754.
Denno R. F., Cothran W. R. 1976 - Competitive interactions and ecological strategies of sarcophagid and calliphorid flies inhabiting rabbit carrion - Ann. Entomol. Soc. America 69: 109-113.
Dierschke H., Song Y. 1982 - Vegetationsgliederung und kleinraumige Horizontalstruktur eines submontanen Kalkbuchenwaldes (In: Struktur und Dynamik von Waldern, Ed. H. Dierschke) - Berichte der internationalen Symposien der internationalen Vereinigung fur Vegetationskunde. Rinteln 1981, pp.: 513-539.
Green R. F. 1986 - Does aggregation prevent competitive exclusion? A response to Atkinson and Shorrocks - Am. Nat. 128: 301-304.
Gurney W. S. C., Nisbet R. M. 1978 - Singlespecies population fluctuations in patchy environments - Am. Nat. 112: 1075-1090.
Hanski I. 1981 - Coexistence of competitors in patchy environment with and without predation – Oikos 37: 306-312.
Hanski I. 1982 - Dynamics of regional distribution: the core and satellite hypothesis - Oikos 38: 210-221.
Hanski I. 1985 - Single species spatial dynamics may contribute to long-term rarity and commonness - Ecology 66: 335-343.
Hanski I. 1986 - Beetles associated with dung and carrion in tropical forests - (In: Ecosystems of the World 14b. Eds. H. Lieth. M. J. A. Werger) - Amsterdam, Elsevier.
Hanski I. 1987a - Colonisation of ephemeral habitats - (In : Colonization. Succession and Stability. Eds.: A. J. Gray. M. J. Crawley. P. J. Edwards) -26th Symp. Br. Ecol. Soc. Oxford (Blackwell Scient. Pub.) pp. 155-185.
Hanski I. 1987b - Carrion fly community dynamics: patchiness, seasonality and coexistence - Ecol. Entomol 12: 257-266.
Hanski I., Kuusela S. 1980 - The structure of carrion fly communities: differences in breeding seasons - Ann. Zool. Fenn. 17: 185-190.
Hassell M. P. 1978 - The Dynamics Of Arthropod Predator-Prey Systems - Princeton. Univ. Press.
Hassell M. P. 1986 - Parasitoids and population regulation - (In: Insects Parasitoids, Eds.: J. K. Waage, D. J. Greathead) - 13th Symp. R. Entomol. Soc. London. London (Academic Press), pp. 201-224.
Hassell M. P., Lessels C. M., McGavin G. C. 1985 - Inverse density dependent parasitism in a patchy environment: a laboratory system - Ecol. Entomol. 10: 393-402.
Hassell M. P., May R. M., Pacala S., Chesson P. L. 1991 - The persistence of host-parasitoid associations in patchy environments. I. A general criterion - Am. Nat. 138: 568-583.
Joswig W. 1985 - Untersuchungen zur Konkurrenz und Koexistenz necrophager Dipteren in toten Gehauseschnecken - Thesis Bayreuth.
Kneidel K. A. 1984 - Competition and disturbance in communities of carrion-breeding Diptera - J. Anim. Ecol. 53: 849-865.
Kneidel K. A. 1985 - Patchiness, aggregation, and the coexistence of competitors for ephemeral resources - Ecol. Entomol. 10: 441-448.
Lessels C. M. 1985 - Parasitoid foraging: should parasitism be density dependent? - J. Anim. Ecol. 54: 27-41.
Lloyd M. 1967 - Mean crowding - J. Anim. Ecol. 36: 1-30.
Pacala S. W., Hassell M. P, May R. M. 1990 - Host parasitoid associations in patchy environments - Nature 344: 150-153.
Peschke K., Krapf D., Fuldner D. 1987 - Ecological separation, functional relationships, and limiting resources in a carrion insect community - Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 114: 241-265.
Reeve R. D., Cronin J. T., Strong D. R. 1994 - Parasitoid aggregation and the stabil ization of a salt-marsh host-parasitoid system - Ecology 75: 288-295.
Schaefer M. 1990 - The soil fauna of a beech forest on limestone: trophic structure and energy budget - Oecologia 82: 128-136.
Shorrocks B., Rosewell J. 1986 - Guild size in drosophilids: a simulation model - J. Anim. Ecol. 55: 527-541.
Stiling P. D. 1987 - The frequency of density dependence in insect host-parasitoid systems - Ecology 68: 844-856.
Ulrich W. 1988 - Welche Faktoren beeinflussen die Populationen und die Strukturen der Gemeinschaften von bodenlebenden parasitoiden Hymenopteren in einem Buchenwald - Thesis Gottingen.
Ulrich W. 1998 - The parasitic Hymenoptera in a beech forest on limestone I: species composition, species turnover, abundance and biomass - Pol. J. Ecol. 3: 261-289.

Relation:

Polish Journal of Ecology

Volume:

47

Issue:

1

Start page:

49

End page:

72

Detailed Resource Type:

Article

Resource Identifier:

oai:rcin.org.pl:106113 ; ISSN 1505-2249

Source:

MiIZ PAN, call no. P.2840 ; click here to follow the link

Language:

eng

Language of abstract:

Rights:

Creative Commons Attribution BY 3.0 PL license

Terms of use:

Copyright-protected material. [CC BY 3.0 PL] May be used within the scope specified in Creative Commons Attribution BY 3.0 PL license, full text available at: ; -

Digitizing institution:

Museum and Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Original in:

Library of the Museum and Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Projects co-financed by:

Operational Program Digital Poland, 2014-2020, Measure 2.3: Digital accessibility and usefulness of public sector information; funds from the European Regional Development Fund and national co-financing from the state budget.

Access:

Open