The struggle over memory hidden in the contemporary cityscape: the example of Skopje 2014, Macedonia

Koziura, Karolina

doi:1429-0618

Pobierz

Tytuł: The struggle over memory hidden in the contemporary cityscape: the example of Skopje 2014, Macedonia

Abstrakt:

A city is a product of not only urban planners and architects, but also of politicians, writers and members of various groups who treat it as theirs. The struggle over memory is visible in many places. However, I claim that various „symbolic wars” are especially visible in the case of the post-socialist urban revival. The city of Skopje is a case in point. Nowadays, Skopje can be perceived as a symbolic battlefield through which diverse exclusive and inclusive myths are created and negotiated. The aim of the „Skopje 2014” project analyzed in this article is to restructure the city center of Skopje in style of the Antiquity by renovating facades, raising new buildings and establishing a number of new monuments. I claim that, through various meanings of nostalgia, this project conceals the nationalizing policy of the Macedonian government on the one hand, and the search for a new urban identity and its connection with the European heritage on the other hand

Bibliografia:

Abitz J. 2006, Post-socialist city development in Tirana, http://www.rudar.ruc.dk, 15.09.2013
Assche K. 2009, Layered Encounters: Performing multiculturalism and the urban palimpsest at the ‘gateway of Europe’, „Anthropology of East European Review” Vol. 27, No 1, p. 7-19
Boym S. 2001, The Future of Nostalgia, Basic Books, New York
Brown K. 2003, The Past in Question. Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation, Princeton University Press, Princeton
Brubaker R. 1996, Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Edensor T. 2002, National Identity. Popular Culture and Everyday Life, Berg, Oxford
Geertz C. 1973, The Interpretations of Cultures, Basic Books, New York
Graan A. 2013, Counterfeiting the Nation? Skopje 2014 and the Politics of Nation Branding in Macedonia, „Cultural Anthropology” Vol. 28, No 1, p. 161-179
Gruber R. E. 2002, Virtually Jewish: Reinventing Jewish Culture in Europe, University of California Press, Berkeley
Hartmuth M. 2010, History, identity and urban space – Towards an agenda for urban research [w:] Herold Stephanie (ed.), Reading the City: Urban Space and Memory in Skopje, Univerlagtuberlin, Berlin, p. 12-22
Home R. 2007, Reconstructing Skopje, Macedonia, after the 1963 earthquake: The Master Plan forty years on, „Papers in Land Management” Vol. 7, p. 1-22
Kubiena M. 2012, Skopje 2014 – Musealizing the City, Re-inventing History? „The Western Balkans Policy Review” Vol. 2, No 1, p. 78-99
Lewicka M. 2008, Place attachment, place identity, and place memory: Restoring the forgotten city past, „Journal of Environmental Psychology” Vol. 28, No. 3, p. 209-231
Lowenthal D. 1985, The Past Is a Foreign Country, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Niedźwiedź A. 2009, Mythical Vision of the City: Krakow as the Pope’s City, „Anthropology of East Europe Review” Vol. 27, No 2, p. 208-226
Petrovski J. 2004, Damaging effects of July 26, 1963 Skopje earthquake. Middle East Seismological Forum, „Cyber Journal of Geoscience” Vol. 2, p. 26-42
Ragaru N. 2008, The Political Uses and Social Lives of „National Heroes”: Controversies over Skandenberg’s Statue in Skopje, „Südosteuropa. Zeitschrift für Politik und Gesellschaft” Vol. 4, p. 528-555
Rihtman-Auguštin D. 2004, The monument in the main city square: constructing and erasing memoryin contemporary Croatia [w:] Todorova Maria (ed.), Balkan identities: nation and memory, New York University Press, New York, p. 180-196
Sazdovski A. 2013, Effects on Security Discourse on post-conflict nation-building: the case of Macedonia, Praca magisterska, Central European University in Budapest, Hungary
Schöpflin G. 1997, The Function of Myth and a Taxonomy of Myths [w:] Hosking Geoffrey, Schöpflin G. (ed.), Myths and nationhood, Co&Ho, London, p.19-35
Schwartz J. 1993, Macedonia: A Country in Quotation Marks, „Anthropology of East Europe Review” Vol. 11, No. 1&2, p. 110-117
Sinisa J., Skopje 2014’ Symbolizes Macedonia’s Frustration, Book Says, http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/study-skopje-2%C3%A5aa4-symbolizes-macedonia-s-frustration, 2.02.2014
Sinisa J., Macedonia Monument-Building Drive Enters New Phase, http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/new-bach-of-statues-erected-in-skopje, 2.02.2014
Smith A. 1997, The ‘Golden Age’ and National Renewal [w:] Hosking Geoffrey, Schöpflin George (ed.), Myths and nationhood, Co&Ho, London, p. 36-59
Wanner C. 1998, Burden of dreams: history and identity in post-Soviet Ukraine, Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park
Wilson A. 1997, Myths of National History in Belarus and Ukraine [w:] Hosking Geoffrey, Verdery K. 1991, National Ideology Under Socialism. Identity and Cultural Politics in Ceauşecu’s Romania, University of California Press, Berkeley
Vangeli A. 2011, Nation-building ancient Macedonia style: the origins and the effects of the so-called antiquization in Macedonia, „Nationalities Papers” Vol. 39, No. 1, p. 13-32