Subtitle:

Przegląd Geograficzny T. 92 z. 2 (2020)

Publisher:

IGiPZ PAN

Place of publishing:

Warszawa

Description:

24 cm

Type of object:

Journal/Article

Abstract:

Contemporary rural settlement in Poland is first and foremost modified by demographic processes, of which decisive ones are a migratory influx of new inhabitants into rural areas in the immediate vicinity of large cities, as well as population outflow from most rural areas that are located traditionally and above all peripherally. These two directions to migration generate mostly opposing trends where the development of rural areas is concerned. Inflows of new inhabitants into suburbs and satellite villages close to cities ensure social, economic and infrastructural development or ”progress”, and sometimes even – paradoxically – a change of status from rural to urban. On the other hand, migratory outflows from most other rural areas give rise to a process of demographic degradation whose extreme manifestation may be the actual disappearance of a rural settlement. The fundamental unit of measurement and study here was the so-called ”statistical locality”, defined by GUS as the group of places taking on the name of the leading locality and usually comprising a village plus smaller settlements adjacent to it. The research encompassed a total of 41,466 such localities existing uninterruptedly between 1950 and 2011. The analysis further encompassed six time intervals, of which each ended in a year during which a Census was carried out (i.e. 1950, 1960, 1970, 1978, 1988, 2002 and 2011). For each inter-Censal period, attention was paid to the magnitude and direction of demographic change taking place in all of the rural localities. In this work, the key focus is on the “uniformly regressing villages”, which is to say those losing more than 5% of their inhabitants in the 1950‒2011 period, but also experiencing population declines in every one of the six inter-Censal periods. This is taken to be adequate justification for use of the more-loaded term “disappearing”. Through analysis of the statistical localities in rural areas it was found that some 25,711 of all villages reported a decline in the number of inhabitants over the 1950‒2011 period. However, the steady loss of people indicated by population declines over each of the six studied time intervals was an issue for 2956 of the villages mainly located in central and eastern parts of Poland. These are areas long regarded as only poorly-developed economically, including parts of the east that are clearly categorisable as “peripheral”. To be noted among the factors behind disappearances of villages are limited attractiveness arising out of low standards of living, natural conditions unsuited to farming, limited incomes earned from agricultural activity and poor outfitting in social and technical infrastructure. Throughout the post-War period it is small villages of fewer than 100 people that have experienced the most marked demographic regress. The smallest settlements of all – with 50 people or less – have experienced the most major loss of population, at around 28% on average. The analyses reported here thus support the notion that the scale and village, the less-serious the unfavourable population processes. However, the disappearing villages are home to a number of overlapping problems with development. Inhabitants either lack opportunities to meet their daily needs, or at best have limited chances to do so. And this starts with physiological needs, though also of course ranges through the social, emotional and economic, and ends with lack of access to public goods and services. The decline of rural areas thus features a so-called triggering factor, with this then unleashing a sequence of positive-feedback processes. A most typical trigger would be lack of job opportunities, and this exerts a selective effect in relation to who leaves the countryside. A next consequence of that is a decline in the purchasing power of rural households, a further worsening of living conditions, and inefficient use of infrastructure.

References:

Abel W., 1943, Die Wüstungen des ausgehenden Mittelalters, Stuttgart.
Allison K.J., 1970, Deserted Villages, London.
Amcoff J., Möller P., Westholm E., 2011, The (un)Importance of the Closure of Village Shops to Rural Migration Patterns, The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 21, 2, s. 129-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593969.2011.562678
Bański J., 2001, Problem areas in Polish agriculture, Geographia Polonica, 74, 1, s. 47-63.
Bański J., 2004, Procesy ludnościowe na obszarach wiejskich, [w:] J. Bański (red.), Polska przestrzeń wiejska: procesy i perspektywy, Studia Obszarów Wiejskich, 6, Warszawa, s. 21-38.
Bański J., 2010, Dilemmas for regional development in the concepts seeking to develop Poland's spatial structure, Regional Studies, 44, 5, s. 535-549. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400902926375
Bański J., 2017, Rozwój obszarów wiejskich, PWE, Warszawa.
Bański J., Flaga M., 2013, The areas of unfavourable demographic processes in Eastern Poland - selected aspects, Barometr Regionalny, 11, 2, s. 17-24.
Bański J., Mazur M., 2009, Identyfikacja obszarów o silnej koncentracji problemów społecznych, [w:] J. Bański (red.), Analiza zróżnicowania i perspektyw rozwoju obszarów wiejskich w Polsce do 2015 roku, Studia Obszarów Wiejskich, 16, s. 79-95.
Behar R., 1986, The presence of the past in the Spanish village, Santa Maria del Monte, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Born M., 1979, Objektbestimmung und Periodisierungen als Problem der Wüstungsforschung. Dargelegt unter vornehmlichem Bezug auf neuere Untersuchungen, Geographische Zeitschrift, 67, s. 43-60.
Bourguignon R., 2014, Village for Sale! Access and Contention in Woodland Properties: Implications for Rural Futures in Northern Spain, International Institute of Social Studies, Hague.
Brown K., 2000, Ghost towns tell tales of ecological boom and bust, Science Magazine, 290, s. 35-37. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5489.35
Clark D., 1989, Urban decline, The British Experience, Routledge, London.
Collantes F., Pinilla V., 2011, Peaceful Surrender: The Depopulation of Rural Spain in the Twentieth Century, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Couch C., Cocks M., Bernt M., Grossmann K., Haase A., Rink D., 2012, Shrinking cites in Europe, Town & Country Planning, 81, 6, s. 264-270.
Di Figlia L., 2014, Places in memory. Abandoned villages in Italy, [w:] G. Verdiani, P. Cornell (red.), Architecture, archeology and contemporary city planning. Proceedings of the workshop, Firenze, s. 47-58.
Di Figlia L., 2016, Turnaround: abandoned villages, from discarded elements of modern Italian society to possible resources, International Planning Studies, 21, 3, s. 278-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2016.1186530
Driver L., 2006, The Lost Villages of England, London.
Dyer C., Jones R. (red.), 2010, Deserted Villages Revisited, University of Hertfordshire Press, Hatfield.
Eberhardt P., 1989, Regiony wyludniające się w Polsce, Prace Geograficzne, 148, IGiPZ PAN.
Eberhardt P., 1991, Rozmieszczenie i dynamika ludności wiejskiej w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej w XX wieku, Zeszyty IGiPZ PAN, 3, Warszawa.
Figlus T., 2016, Problem osad zaginionych na gruncie badań geograficzno-historycznych. Próba konceptualizacji teoretycznej i wybrane zagadnienia metodyczno-empiryczne, [w:] M. Deptuła (red.), Geografia historyczna. Wybrane współczesne problemy badawcze, Acta Universitatis Lodziensis, Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica, 25, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, s. 83-108. https://doi.org/10.18778/1508-1117.25.05
Frenkel I., 2003, Ludność, zatrudnienie i bezrobocie na wsi. Dekada przemian, IRWiR PAN, Warszawa.
Frenkel I., 2014, Ludność wiejska, [w:] Polska Wieś 2014, Fundacja na Rzecz Rozwoju Polskiego Rolnictwa, Warszawa, s. 27-77.
Gawryszewski A., 2005, Ludność Polski w XX w., IGiPZ PAN, Warszawa.
Heffner K., Czarnecki A. (red.), 2011, Drugie domy w rozwoju obszarów wiejskich, IRWiR PAN, Warszawa.
Heffner K., 2016, Zmiany przestrzenne na obszarach wiejskich w Polsce w okresie transformacji i po wejściu do Unii Europejskiej, [w:] K. Heffner, B. Klemens (red.), Obszary wiejskie. Wiejska przestrzeń i ludność, aktywność społeczna i przedsiębiorczość, Studia KPZK PAN, 167, Warszawa, s. 12-27.
Herman S., Eberhardt P., 1973, Prognozy przemian osadnictwa miejskiego Polski, Biuletyn KPZK PAN, 78, Warszawa.
Hopfer A., 1991, Wycena nieruchomości, ART, Olsztyn.
Jelonek A., 1988, Obszary problemowe w zakresie zagrożeń demograficznych w Polsce, [w:] Problemy geografii osadnictwa i ludności, Seria Geografia, 42, UAM, Poznań, s. 67-77.
Kaleta A., 1996, Rewitalizacja obszarów rustykalnych Europy. I - Społeczność wiejska, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wrocław.
Kistowski M., 2009, Problemy zrównoważonego rozwoju terenów wiejskich - między rozkwitem, peryferyzacją a degradacją, [w:] Jak zapewnić rozwój zrównoważony terenów otwartych? Instytut na Rzecz Ekorozwoju, Warszawa, s. 6-17.
Klir T., Beranek M., 2012, A social-economic interpretation of the layouts of deserted villages. An example of a deserted village at the "V Žaku" site in Klanovice Forest in Prague, [w:] J. Žegklitz (red.), Studies in Postmedieval Archeology, 4, Prague, s. 289-346.
Koncepcja Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania Kraju 2030, 2011, Ministerstwo Rozwoju Regionalnego, Warszawa.
Malisz B., 1984, Trzy wizje polskiej przestrzeni, [w:] A. Kukliński (red.), Gospodarka Przestrzenna Polski. Diagnoza-rekonstrukcja-prognoza, Biuletyn KPZK PAN, 125, Warszawa, s. 6-45.
McLeman R. A., 2011, Settlement abandonment in the context of global environmental changes, Global Environmental Change, 21, Supplement 1, s. 108-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.08.004
Mirowski W., 1995, Społeczne uwarunkowania wyludniania się wsi w Polsce, IFiS PAN, Warszawa.
Niedźwiecka-Filipiak I., Borcz Z., 2010, Zmiany krajobrazu wiejskiego zagrożeniem dla zachowania tożsamości miejsca, Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Administratio Locorum, 9, 4, s. 85-97.
Pallagst K., 2008, Shrinking Cities - Planning Challenges from an International Perspective, [w:] S. Rugare (red.), Cities Growing Smaller, Kent State University, Cleveland, s. 6-16.
Pinilla V., Ayuda M.I., Sáez L.A., 2008, Rural Depopulation and the Migration Turnaround In Mediterranean Western Europe: A Case Study of Aragon, Journal of Rural and Community Development, 3, s. 1-22.
Prognozy rozwoju sieci osadniczej. Polska 2000, 1971, Komitet Badań i Prognoz "Polska 2000", PAN, Ossolineum, Warszawa.
Raszeja E., 2009, Krajobraz wiejski - wartość czy towar? Problemy promocji, komodyfikacji i autentyczności w projektowaniu zagospodarowania rekreacyjnego, Nauka Przyroda Technologie, 3, 1, s. 1-9.
Rosner A. (red.), 2007, Zróżnicowanie poziomu rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego obszarów wiejskich a zróżnicowanie dynamiki przemian, IRWiR PAN, Warszawa.
Scharlau K., 1938, Zur Frage des Begriffes "Wüstung", Geographische Anzeiger, 39, s. 247-252.
Szabo P., Šipoš J., Müllerov. J., 2017, Township boundaries and the colonization of the Moravian landscape, Journal of Historical Geography, 57, s. 89-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2017.06.007
Wesołowska M., 2005, Rozwój budownictwa mieszkaniowego a przemiany przestrzenne wsi województwa lubelskiego, Studia Obszarów Wiejskich, 10.
Wesołowska M., 2011, Mieszkania niezamieszkane na obszarach peryferyjnych Lubelszczyzny, Studia Obszarów Wiejskich, 26, s. 175-187.

Relation:

Przegląd Geograficzny

Volume:

92

Issue:

2

Start page:

175

End page:

189

Detailed Resource Type:

Article

Format:

File size 1,0 MB ; application/octet-stream

Resource Identifier:

oai:rcin.org.pl:132009 ; 2300-8466 (on-line) ; 10.7163/PrzG.2020.2.1

Source:

CBGiOS. IGiPZ PAN, sygn.: Cz.181, Cz.3136, Cz.4187 ; click here to follow the link

Language:

pol

Language of abstract:

eng

Rights:

Creative Commons Attribution BY 4.0 license

Terms of use:

Copyright-protected material. [CC BY 4.0] May be used within the scope specified in Creative Commons Attribution BY 4.0 license, full text available at: ; -

Digitizing institution:

Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Original in:

Central Library of Geography and Environmental Protection. Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization PAS

Projects co-financed by:

Operational Program Digital Poland, 2014-2020, Measure 2.3: Digital accessibility and usefulness of public sector information; funds from the European Regional Development Fund and national co-financing from the state budget.

Access:

Open