Subtitle:

Archaeologia Polona Vol. 46 (2008)

Publisher:

Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences

Place of publishing:

Warszawa

Description:

ill. ; 24 cm

Type of object:

Journal/Article

Abstract:

Historical glasses are a valuable part of cultural heritage. Through many ages glasses have been exposed to burial and atmospheric conditions: water, sunlight, wind, temperature changes, biological activity, human devastation (restorations, hard cleaning procedures, vandalism), and from the beginning of 20th century a strong environmental pollution. These damaging factors caused irreversible changes in the glass structure and corroded both the bulk and surface of glass. This work describes glass deterioration, explains corrosion mechanisms and introduces analytical methods used in scientific research oriented to attain the knowledge for better conservation strategies. The present work also includes literature references on weathering mechanisms, state of conservation, surface features of historical glasses from Roman to modern ones and focuses on advanced analytical methods (e.g., secondary ion mass spectrometry SIMS, atomic force microscopy AFM, proton induced X-ray emission PIXE, proton induced gammaray emission PIGE, Laser induced breakdown spectrometry LIBS, etc.) Additionally, some aspects connected with preventive conservation and the application of two kinds of sensors (environmental optical sensors and sensors to control glass corrosion) will be addressed

References:

Aerts, A., B. Velde, K. Janssens and W. Dijkman 2003. Change in silica sources in Roman and Post-Roman glass. Spectrochimica Acta Part B 58 (4): 659–67
Bertoluzza, A., S. Cacciari, G. Cristini, C. Fagnano and A. Tinti 1995. Non-destructive in situ Raman study of artistic glasses. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 26: 751–5
Bettenbourg, J.M. 1976. Composition et altération des verres de vitraux anciens. Verres et Réfractaires 30 (1): 36–42
Brill, R.H. 1999. Chemical analyses of early glasses. New York
Bronk, H. and I.C. Freestone 2001. A quasi non-destructive microsampling technique for the analysis of intact glass objects by SEM/EDXA. Archaeometry 43 (4): 517–27
Butler, T.M., B.D. MacCraith and C. McDonagh 1998. Leaching in sol-gel derived silica films for optical pH sensing. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 224: 249–58
Caley, E. 1962. Analyses of ancient glasses 1790–1957. New York: The Corning Museum of Glass Monographs
Carmona, N., M.A. Villegas and J.M. Fernández Navarro 2004a. Optical sensors for evaluating environmental acidity in the preventive conservation of historical objects. Sensors and Actuators Part A 116: 398–404
Carmona, N., M.A. Villegas and J.M. Fernández Navarro 2004b. Protective silica thin coatings for historical glasses. Thin Solid Films 458: 121–8
Carmona, N., M.A. Villegas and J.M. Fernández Navarro 2005a. Corrosion behaviour of R2O-CaO-SiO2 glasses submitted to accelerated weathering. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 25: 903–10
Carmona, N., M.A. Villegas and J.M. Fernández Navarro 2006b. Study of glasses with grisailles from historic stained glass windows of the Cathedral of León (Spain). Applied Surface Science 252 (16): 5936–45
Carmona, N., M. Oujja, E. Rebollar, H. Römich and M. Castillejo 2005b. Analysis of corroded glasses by Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Spectrochimica Acta Part B 60 (7–8): 1155–62
Carmona, N., L. Laiz, J.M. González, M. García-Heras, M.A. Villegas and C. Saiz-Jiménez 2006a. Biodeterioration of historic stained glasses from the Cartuja de Miraflores (Spain). International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 58 (3–4): 155–61
Carmona, N., M. Oujda, S. Gaspard, M. García-Heras, M.A. Villegas and M. Castillejo 2007a. Lead determination in glasses by LIBS. Spectrochimica Acta Part B 62 (2): 94–100
Carmona, N., E. Herrero, J. Llopis and M.A. Villegas 2007b. Chemical sol-gel based sensors for evaluation of environmental humidity. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 126: 455–60
Carmona, N., M. García-Heras, E. Herrero, K. Kromka, J. Faber and M.A. Villegas 2007c. Improvement of glassy sol-gel sensors for preventive conservation of historical materials against acidity. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 46 (4): 213–7
Carmona, N., E. Herrero, J. Llopis and M.A. Villegas 2008. Novel sol-gel reversible thermochromic materials for environmental sensors. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 47(1): 31–7
Carmona, N., M.A. Villegas, P. Jiménez, J. Navarro and M. García-Heras In press. Islamic glasses from Al-Andalus. Characterisation of materials from a Murcian workshop (12th century AD, Spain). Journal of Cultural Heritage 10
Colomban, P. 2008. On-site Raman identification and dating of ancient glasses: a review of procedures and tools. Journal of Cultural Heritage 9 (suppl. 1): 55–60
Cox, G.A. and B.A. Ford 1993. The long-term corrosion of glass by groundwater. Journal of Materials Science 28: 5637–47
Doménech-Carbó, A., M.T. Doménech-Carbó and L. Osete-Cortina 2001. Identification of manganese (IV) centers in archaeological glass using microsample coatings attached to polymer film electrodes. Electroanalysis 13 (11): 927–35
Drewello, U., R. Weibmann, S. Rölleke, E. Müller, S. Wuertz, F. Fekrsanati, C. Troll and R. Drewello 2000. Biogenic surface layers on historical window glass and the effect of excimer laser cleaning. Journal of Cultural Heritage 1: 161–71
Eggert, G. and H. Hillebrecht 2002. The enigma of the emerald green. Medieval lead glass vessels à la Heraclius. In Archaeometry 98. Proceedings of the 31st Symposium, E. Jerem and K.T. Biró (eds), 525–530. Oxford: B.A.R. Int. Ser. 1043 (vol. II)
Fearn, S., D.S. McPhail and V. Oakley 2005. Moisture attack on museum glass measured by SIMS. Physics and Chemistry of Glasses 46 (5): 505–11
Fernández Navarro, J.M. 1996. Alteration processes of Medieval stained glass windows. Study and protection treatments. Materiales de Construcción 46 (242–243): 5–25
Fernández Navarro, J.M. 2003. El vidrio. Constitución, fabricación, propiedades. Madrid: CSIC, 3rd edition
Frana, J., A. Mastalka and N. Venclova 1987. Neutron activation analysis of some ancient glasses from Bohemia. Archaeometry 29 (1): 69–89
Freestone, I.C. 1992. Theophilus and the composition of Medieval glass. In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology III, P.B. Vandiver et al. (eds.), 739–45. Pittsburgh: Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Vol. 267
Freestone, I.C. 2001. Post-depositional changes in archaeological ceramics and glasses. In Handbook of archaeological sciences, D.R. Brothwell and A.M. Pollard (eds), 615–25. New York
Fuchs, D.R., H. Potzelt and G. Tünher 1988/1989. Verfahren zur direkten Bestimmung von complex en korrosiven Umgebungsbedingungen DE-Patent 3805495A1. Process and glass sensor for direct determination of complex corrosive environmental conditions US-Patent 5,075,235
García-Heras, M., N. Carmona, C. Gil and M.A. Villegas 2005a. Neorenaissance/Neobaroque stained glass windows from Madrid: a characterisation study on some panels signed by the Maumejean Fréres company. Journal of Cultural Heritage 6: 91–8
García-Heras, J.M. Rincón, A. Jimeno and M.A. Villegas 2005b. Pre-Roman coloured glass beads from the Iberian Peninsula: a chemico-physical characterisation study. Journal of Archaeological Science 32 (5): 727–38
García-Heras, M., N. Carmona, A. Ruiz-Conde, P. Sánchez-Soto and J.J. Benítez 2005c. Application of Atomic force microscopy to the study of glass decay. Materials Characterization 55 (4–5): 272–80
García-Heras, M., K. Kromka, J. Faber, P. Karaszkiewicz and M.A. Villegas 2005d. Evaluation of air acidity through optical sensors. Environmental Science and Technology 39: 3743–7
García-Heras, M., C. Gil, N. Carmona, J. Faber, K. Kromka and M.A. Villegas. 2005e. Optical behavior of pH detectors based on sol-gel technology. Analytica Chimica Acta 540: 147–52
García-Heras, M., M.D. Sánchez de Prado, N. Carmona, M. Tendero, A.M. Ronda and M.A. Villegas 2007. Analytical study of Roman glasses from Southeastern Spain. Archaeologia Polona 45: 63–78
Garcia-Vallés, M., D. Gimento-Torrente, S. Martínez-Manent and J.L. Fernández-Turiel 2003. Medieval stained glass in a Mediterranean climate: typology, weathering and glass decay and associated biomineralization processes and products. American Mineralogist 88: 1996–2006
Gillies, K.J.S. and G.A. Cox 1988. Decay of Medieval stained glass. Part 2. Relationship between the composition of the glass, its durability and the weathering products. Glastechnische Berichte 61: 101–7
Gómez-Tubío, B., M.A. Ontalba, I. Ortega-Feliú, M.A. Respaldiza, F. Amores and D. González-Acuña 2006. PIXE-PIGE analysis of Late Roman glass fragments. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Part B 249 (1–2): 616–21
Guin, J.P., S.M. Wiederhorn and T. Fett 2005. Crack-tip structure in soda-lime-silicate glass. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 88: 652–9
Hawthorne, J.C. and C.S. Smith 1979. Theophilus, on divers arts (De diversis artibus). The foremost Medieval treatise on painting, glassmaking and metalwork. New York
Herrero, E., N. Carmona, J. Llopis and M.A. Villegas 2007. Sensitive glasslike sol-gel materials suitable for environmental light sensors. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 27: 4589–94
Iliffe, C.J. and R.G. Newton 1976. Using triangular diagrams to understand the behaviour of Medieval glasses. Verres et Réfractaires 30 (1): 30–4
Kalinowski, L., H. Malkiewiczówna, L. Heine and P. Karaszkiewicz 1997. The Medieval stained-glass windows of St Mary´s Church in Cracow. Cracow
Kenyon, I., R.G.V. Hancock and S. Aufreiter 1995. Neutron activation analysis of A.D. 1660–1930 European copper-coloured blue glass trade beads from Ontario, Canada. Archaeometry 37 (2): 323–37
Kuisma-Kursula, P. 2000. Accuracy, precision and detection limits of SEM-WDS, SEM-EDS and PIXE in the multi-elemental analysis of Medieval glass. X-ray Spectrometry 29 (1): 111–8
Lefevre, R.A., M. Grégoire, M. Derbez and P. Ausset 1998. Origin of sulphated grey crusts on glass in polluted urban atmosphere: stained glass windows of Tours Cathedral (France). Glastechnische Berichte Glass Science and Technology 71 (3): 75–80
Leissner, J. 1996. The effect of corrosion on stained glass windows. Materiales de Construcción 46 (242–243): 27–38
Leissner, J. and D.R. Fuchs 1992a. Investigations by glass sensors on the corrosive environmental conditions at stained glass windows with protective glazings in Europe. In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology III, P.B. Vandiver et al. (eds.), 1031–1038. Pittsburgh: Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Vol. 267
Leissner, J. and D.R. Fuchs 1992b. A glass sensor study to estimate the corrosive stresses at the stained glass windows of Santa María del Mar, Barcelona. Boletín de la Sociedad Espańola de Cerámica y Vidrio 31–C (7): 149–54
Lilyquist, C. and R.H. Brill 1993. Studies in Early Egyptian glass. New York
Monti, M., B. Dal Bianco, R. Bertoncello and S. Voltolina 2008. New protective coatings for ancient glass: silica thin-films from perhydropolysilazane. Journal of Cultural Heritage 9 (suppl. 1): 143–5
Müller, E., U. Drewello, R. Drewello, R. Weissmann and S. Wuertz 2001. In situ analysis of biofilms on historic window glass using confocal Laser scanning microscopy. Journal of Cultural Heritage 2 (1): 31–42
Müller, K. and H. Stege 2003. Evaluation of the analytical potencial of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectrometry (LIBS) for the analysis of historical glasses. Archaeometry 45 (3): 421–433
Müller, W. 1992. Corrosion phenomena of Medieval stained glasses. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 31C (1): 219–39
Müller, W., M. Torge and K. Adam 1994. Ratio of CaO/K2O >2 as evidence of a special Rhenish type of Medieval stained glass. Glastechnische Berichte Glass Science and Technology 67 (2): 45–8
Nakai, I., S. Yamada, Y. Terada Y. Shindo and T. Utaka 2005. Development of a portable X-ray Fluorescence spectrometer equipped with two monochromatic X-ray sources and silicon drift detector and field analysis of Islamic glasses at an excavation site in Egypt. X-ray Spectrometry 34: 46–51
Newton, R.G. 1985. The durability of glass: a review. Glass Technology 26 (1): 21–38
Newton, R.G. and S. Davison 1989. Conservation of glass. Oxford
Newton, R.G. and A. Paul 1980. A new approach for predicting the durability of glasses from their chemical compositions. Glass Technology 21 (6): 307–9
Oakley, V. 2001. Fighting the inevitable: the continuing search for a solution to glass decay at the Victoria & Albert Museum. Glass Technology 42 (3): 65–9
Pérez y Jorba, M., J.P. Dallas, C. Bauer, C. Bahezre and J.C. Martin 1980. Deterioration of stained glass by atmospheric corrosion and micro-organisms. Journal of Materials Science 15: 1640–7
Pollard, A.M. and C. Heron 1996. The chemistry and corrosion of archaeological glass. In Archaeological chemistry, A.M. Pollard and C. Heron (eds), 149–96. Cambridge
Reilly, S. and M. Gilberg 2002. Analyzing the impact of protective glazing on stained glass windows. Studies in Conservation 47 (3): 161–74
Robinet, L., C. Coupry, K. Eremin and C. Hall 2006. The use of Raman spectrometry to predict the stability of historic glasses. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 37 (7): 789–97
Rutten, F.J.M., M.J. Roe, J. Henderson and D. Briggs 2006. Surface analysis of ancient glass artefacts with ToF-SIMS: a novel tool for provenancing? Applied Surface Science 252 (1): 7124–7
Sayre. E.V. and R.W. Smith 1961. Compositional categories of ancient glass. Science 133 (346): 1824–6
Schalm, O., K. Janssens and J. Caen 2003. Characterization of the main causes of deterioration of grisaille paint layers in 19th century stained-glass windows by J.-B. Capronnier. Spectrochimica Acta Part B 58: 589–607
Schmidt, H. and D. Fuchs 1991. Protective coatings for Medieval stained glasses. In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology II, P.B. Vandiver et al. (eds.), 227–238. Pittsburgh: Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Vol. 185
Schmitz, I, M. Schreiner, G. Friedbacher and M. Grasserbauer 1997. Tapping-mode AFM in comparison to contact-mode AFM as a tool for in situ investigations of surface reactions with reference to glass corrosion. Analytical Chemistry 69 (6): 1012–8
Schreiner, M. 1988a. Deterioration of stained Medieval glass by atmospheric attack. Part 1. Scanning electron microscopic investigations of the weathering phenomena. Glastechnische Berichte 61 (7): 197–204
Schreiner, M. 1988b. Deterioration of stained Medieval glass by atmospheric attack. Part 2. Secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis of the naturally weathered glass surfaces. Glastechnische Berichte 61 (8): 223–30
Schreiner, M., G. Stingeder and M. Grassesbauer 1984. Quantitative characterization of surface layers on corroded Medieval window glass with SIMS. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry 319: 600–5
Schreiner, M., M. Grassesbauer and P. March 1988. Quantitative NRA and SIMS depth profiling of hydrogen in naturally weathered Medieval glass. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry 331: 428–32
Smit, Z., K. Janssens, E. Bulska, B. Wagner, M. Kos and I. Lazar 2005. Trace element fingerprinting of façon-de-Venise glass. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Part B 239 (1–2): 94–9
Veiga, J.P. and M.O. Figuereido 2002. Sixteenth century tubular glass beads: non-destructive chemical characterization using synchrotron radiation XRF. X-ray Spectrometry 31: 300–4
Veritá, M., A. Renier and S. Zecchin 2002. Chemical analyses of ancient glass findings excavated in the Venetian lagoon. Journal of Cultural Heritage 3: 261–71
Villegas, M.A. 2006. Procedimiento de encapsulamiento de colorantes orgánicos en un material sólido para la producción de sensores con respuesta óptica, para la medida de la acidez, basicidad o pH de entornos gaseosos, o líquidos, o mixtos sólidos/líquidos. Spanish Patent P200602403. Madrid: CSIC
Watkinson, D., L. Weber and K. Anheuser 2005. Staining of archaeological glass from manganese-rich environments. Archaeometry 47: 69–82
Weber, G., Y. Vanden Bemden, M. Pirotte and B. Gilbert 2005. Study of stained glass window using PIXE-PIGE. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Part B 248 (1): 191–2
Wolf, S., C.M. Kessler, W.B. Stern and Y. Gerber 2005. The composition and manufacture of Early Medieval coloured window glass from Sion (Valais, Switzerland). A Roman glass-making tradition or innovative craftsmanship? Archaeometry 47: 361–80
Zucchiatti, A., L. Canonica, P. Prati, A. Cagnana, S. Roascio and A. Climent 2007. PIXE analysis of V-XVI century glasses from the archaeological site of San Martino di Ovaro (Italy). Journal of Cultural Heritage 8 (3): 307–14

Relation:

Archaeologia Polona

Volume:

46

Start page:

295

End page:

316

Detailed Resource Type:

Article

Format:

application/octet-stream

Resource Identifier:

0066-5924

Source:

IAiE PAN, call no. P 357 ; IAiE PAN, call no. P 358 ; IAiE PAN, call no. P 356 ; click here to follow the link

Language:

eng

Terms of use:

Copyright-protected material. May be used within the limits of statutory user freedoms

Digitizing institution:

Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Original in:

Library of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Access:

Open