Subtitle:

Geographia Polonica Vol. 96 No. 3 (2023)

Publisher:

IGiPZ PAN

Place of publishing:

Warszawa

Description:

24 cm

Abstract:

Camping tourism has become very popular since the beginning of COVID-19 as tourists started to look for socially distanced and yet experiential activities. However, the academic scholarship is relatively thin, particularly in the context of Eastern Europe – a geographical location with rich traditions in outdoor camping and tourism. Drawing on a quantitative methodology based on ARIMA and SARIMA, this study addresses this gap by forecasting the changes in camping tourism development in the short term in Bulgaria. The results indicate a decline of inbound tourism and international visittors but also suggest a positive trend of development for the domestic market.

References:

Avramov, I. & Dimova, G. (1972). Campsites and motels (Campinzi I Moteli). Sofia: DI Technika [In Bulgarian]
Bachvarov, M. (1997). End of the model? Tourism in post-communist Bulgaria. Tourism Management 18(1), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(97)86739-8
Boscoboinik, A., & Bourquard, E. (2011). Glamping and rural imagery. From production to consumption: Transformation of rural communities. Zurich: LIT Verlag.
Brochado, A., & Brochado, F. (2019). What makes a glamping experience great? Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 10(1), 15-27. https://doi/full/10.1108/JHTT-06-2017-0039
Brochado, A. & Pereira, C. (2017). Comfortable experiences in nature accommodation: Perceived service quality in Glamping, Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 17, 77-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2017.01.005
Brooker, E. & Joppe, M. (2013). Trends in camping and outdoor hospitality - An international review. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 3-4, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2013.04.005
Brooker, E. & Joppe, M. (2014). A critical review of camping research and direction for future studies. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 20(4), 335-351. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766714532464
Caldicott, R. (2011). Supply-side Evolution of Caravanning in Australia: An Historical Analysis of Caravan Manufacturing and Caravan Parks. Lismore, NSW, Australia: School of Tourism and Hospitality, Southern Cross University.
Caldicott, R., & P. Scherrer (2013). Facing divergent supply and demand trajectories in Australian caravanning: Learnings from the evolution of caravan park site-mix options in Tweed Shire. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 19(2), 117-131. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766712457672
Caldicott, R., Jenkins, J. M. & Scherrer, P. (2018). Wherever I Park my RV, That's My Home. In C. M. Hall & D. Müller (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Second Home Tourism and Mobilities (pp. 319-337). Abingdon, UK: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315559056
CCSA and UNWTO World Tourism Barometer. (2021). How COVID-19 is changing the world: A statistical perspective, Volume III. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/ccsa/documents/covid19-report-ccsa_vol3.pdf
Collins, D. & Kearns, R. (2010). Pulling up the tent pegs? The significance and changing status of coastal campgrounds in New Zealand. Tourism Geographies, 12(1), 53-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680903493647
Collins, D., Kearns, R., Bates, L., & Serjeant, E. (2018). Police power and fettered freedom: Regulating coastal freedom camping in New Zealand. Social and Cultural Geography, 19(7), 894-913. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2017.1323342
Crabeck, S. (2013). Measuring the supply of tourism accommodation: Figures that make no sense? Reflections on campsite statistics for Wallonie (Belgium). Journal of Tourism History, 5(2), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2013.828781
Craig, C. (2020). Camping, glamping, and coronavirus in the United States. Annals of Tourism Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103071
Craig, C. A., & Karabas, I. (2021). Glamping after the coronavirus pandemic. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 21(2), 251-256. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358421993864
Derks, J., Giessen, L., & Winkel, G. (2020). COVID-19-induced visitor boom reveals the importance of forests as critical infrastructure. Forest Policy and Economics, 118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102253
Desailly, M., Bushell, R., Scott, J., Simmons, B., Sinha, C., & Baillie, B. (2004). Encouraging environmentally and socially responsible practices through well-designed certification: A case study of the camping and caravan industry, Australia. Tourism Recreation Research, 29(3), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2004.11081456
Doğantan, E. & Emir, O. (2019). Determination of trailer park criteria in rural areas. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 7(4), 2383-2398. https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2019.477
Eremić, G. (2020). New trends in camping tourism - glamping and family campsite. Geoadria 26(1), 59-82. https://doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.3095
Eurostat. (2021). Did camping become more popular in 2020? https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20210401-1
Eurostat. (2022). NACE Rev. 2. Statistical classification of economic activities in the European Community. Eurostat Methodologies and Working Papers. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/5902521/KS-RA-07-015-EN.PDF
Frechtling, D. (2012). Forecasting tourism demand. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080494968
Gaffney, C. & Eeckels, B. (2020). Covid-19 and tourism risk in the Americas. Journal of Latin American Geography 19(3), 308-313. https://doi.org/10.1353/lag.2020.0054
Gilbert, H. (2013). The Loss of Low Cost Caravan Parks - Causes, Cases and Social Consequences. In K. Ruming, B. Randolph & N. Gurran (Eds.), Proceedings: State of Australian Cities Conference. Sydney: State of Australian Cities Research Network.
Graves, A. (2020). Time Series Forecasting with a SARIMA Model. https://towardsdatascience.com/time-series-forecasting-with-a-sarima-model-db051b7ae459
Grzinic, J., Zarkovic, A. & Zanketic, P. (2010). Positioning of tourism in Central Dalmatia through the development of camping tourism. International Journal of Economic Perspectives, 4(3), 525-535.
Hardy, A., Hanson, D., & Gretzel, U. (2012). Online representations of RVing neo-tribes in the USA and Australia. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 10(3), 219-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2012.667415
Hassani, H., Silva, E. S., Antonakakis, N., Filis, G., & Gupta, R. (2017). Forecasting accuracy evaluation of tourist arrivals. Annals of Tourism Research, 63, 112-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.01.008
Hidalgo, A., Riccaboni,M., Rungi, A., & Velázquez, F. (2022). COVID-19, social distancing and guests' preferences: Impact on peer-to-peer accommodation pricing, Current Issues in Tourism, 25(16), 2571-2577. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1963215
Hrgović, A-M. V., Cvelić-Bonifačić, J. & Milohnić, I. (2019). Dimensions of service quality in glamping. Tourism in Southern and Eastern Europe, 5, 773-785. https://doi.org/10.20867/tosee.05.14
Hyndman, R. J., & Khandakar, Y. (2008). Automatic time series forecasting: The forecast package for R. Journal of Statistical Software, 27(3), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v027.i03
Ivanov, S. & Dimitrova, M. (2014). Managing Tourism in Bulgaria: Between 'Mission Impossible' and New Hope. In C. Costa, E. Panyik & D. Buhalis (Eds.). European Tourism Planning and Organisation Systems. Vol. II. National case studies (pp.87-105). Bristol: Channel View Publications.
Ivanova, M., Ivanov, I. & Ivanov, S. (2020). Travel behaviour after the pandemic: The case of Bulgaria. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality, 32(11), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2020.1818267
Kourgiantakis, M., Apostolakis, A., & Dimou, I. (2020). COVID-19 and holiday intentions: The case of Crete, Greece. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 32(1), 148-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2020.1781221
Lashley, C. (2015). Researching snails on holiday: An agenda for caravanning and caravanners? Research in Hospitality Management, 5(2), 115-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/22243534.2015.11828336
Lew, A., Cheer, J., Haywood, M., Brouder, P. & Salazar, N. (2020). Visions of travel and tourism after the global COVID-19 transformation of 2020. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 455-466, https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1770326
MacLeod, N. (2017) Camping Tourism. In: Lowry, Linda, L., (Ed.) The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Travel and Tourism. New York: SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483368924.n85
Madsen, D. Ø., & Madsen, M. A. (2022). Glamping. In Buhalis, D. (Ed). Encyclopedia of Tourism Management and Marketing (pp. 254-257). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Manning, R. E. (2011). Studies in outdoor recreation: Search and research for satisfaction. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press.
Marin-Pantelescu, A. (2015). The perspective of camping tourism in Romania. Academic Journal of Economic Studies, 1(4), 45-53.
Marinov, F. (2019) Campsites and development potential along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. Izvestya: Journal of Varna University of Economics, 8(2), 198-207. [In Bulgarian]
Marinov, F. (2019). Glamping as a tool in camping tourism Development on the Bulgarian Black Sea coastline. Izvestyal: Journal of Varna University of Economics, 8(3), 139-144. [In Bulgarian]
Mariolis, T., Rodousakis, N., & Soklis, G. (2021). The COVID-19 multiplier effects of tourism on the Greek economy. Tourism Economics, 27(8), 1848-1855. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816620946547
Mikkelsen, M. V. & Cohen, S. A. (2015). Freedom in mundane mobilities: Caravanning in Denmark. Tourism Geographies, 17(5), 663-681. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2015.1084528
Mikulić, J. Prebežac, D., Šerić, M. Krešić, D. (2017). Campsite choice and the camping tourism experience: Investigating decisive campsite attributes using relevance-determinance analysis. Tourism Management, 59, 226-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.07.020
Milohnić, I., Bonifačić, J., & Licul, I. (2019). Transformation of camping into glamping - trends and perspectives. Tourism in South East Europe, 5, 457-473. https://doi.org/10.20867/tosee.05.30
Mondaca-Marino, C., Millaman, A. & Astorga, A. & Colther, C. (2020). Modelamiento y pronóstico de la demanda turística a nivel regional en Chile: Un análisis con modelos SARIMA (Modeling and forecasting tourism demand at a regional level in Chile: An analysis with SARIMA models). Revista Turismo: Estudos & Práticas, 9(1), 1-12.
National Tourism Register. (2022). Accommodation establishments with a valid categorization/registration. https://ntr.tourism.government.bg/CategoryzationAll.nsf/mn.xsp
Naumov, N. (2017). Bulgaria. In Dwary, L. (Ed.) The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Travel & Tourism (pp.181-182). New York: SAGE.
Naumov, N., Varadzhakova, D., & Naydenov, A. (2020). Sanitation and hygiene as factors for choosing a place to stay: Perceptions of the Bulgarian tourists. Anatolia, 32(1), 144-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2020.1771742
Nikov, D. (2019). Tourism with motor caravans and caravans: Needs, opportunities and messages to spatial planning. Annual of the University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Sofia, 52(1).
NSI, Infostat. (2022). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. https://infostat.nsi.bg/infostat/pages/reports/query.jsf?x_2=112
Oh, C., Park, M., & Hammitt, W. (2007). Predicting site choice behavior among types of campers. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration. 25(3), 23-40.
Page, S. J. (2014). Tourism Management. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315768267
Park, S., Kim, Y. R., & Ho, C. S. T. (2022). Analysis of travel mobility under Covid-19: Application of network science. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 39(3), 335-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2022.2089954
Patterson, I., Pegg, S. & Mahedevan, R. (2015). The benefits of short stay caravan travel based on the lived experiences of grey caravanners in Australia. Tourism Analysis, 20(5), 539-549. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354215X14411980111497
Popova, K. & Marinov, F. (2018). Assessment of youth tourists' attitudes towards camping on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. Izvestya: Journal of Varna University of Economics, 62(2), 185-199. [in Bulgarian]
Prideaux, B. (2020). Drive and Car Tourism: A Perspective Article. Tourism Review, 75(1), 109-112. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-05-2019-0162
Regulation (EU) 692/2011 of the European Parliament https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/tour_occ_esms.htm
Rogers, A. (2011). The best campsites in Europe. Goldhurst: Allan Rogers Guides.
Rogerson, C. & Rogerson, J. (2019). Tourism, local economic development and inclusion: Evidence from Overstrand local municipality, South Africa. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 25(2), 293-308. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.25202-360
Rogerson, C. & Rogerson, J. (2020). Camping tourism: A review of recent international scholarship. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 28(1), 349-359. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.28127-474
Rogerson, C. & Rogerson, J. (2020). Municipal caravan parks in South Africa: Geography, management and planning. Bulletin of Geography: Socio-Economic Series, (49), 109-124. https://doi.org/10.2478/bog-2020-0027
Rogerson, C. & Rogerson, J. (2021). Mundane urban tourism: The historical evolution of caravan parks in South Africa, 1930-1994. In C. Rogerson, & J. Rogerson (Eds.), Urban Tourism in the Global South: South African Perspectives (pp. 93-112). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71547-2_4
Rice, W., Park, S., Pan, B, & Newman, P. (2019). Forecasting campground demand in US national parks. Annals of Tourism Research, 75, 424-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.01.013
Saló, A., Teixidor, A., Fluvià, M., & Garriga, A. (2020). The effect of different characteristics on campsite pricing: Seasonality, dimension and location effects in a mature destination. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2019.100263
Seyfi, S., Hall, C. M. & Shabani, B. (2023). COVID-19 and international travel restrictions: The geopolitics of health and tourism, Tourism Geographies, 25(1), 357-373. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/14616688.2020.1833972
Shannon, H., Moore, S. A. & Macbeth, J. (2015). Exploring the motivations, experiences and meanings of camping in national parks, Leisure Sciences, 37(3), 269-287. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/01490400.2014.995325
Sharma, A., & Nicolau, J. L. (2020). An open market valuation of the effects of COVID-19 on the travel and tourism industry. Annals of Tourism Research, 83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102990
Shartaj, M., Suter, J. F., Warziniack, T. (2022). Summer crowds: An analysis of USFS campground reservations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Plos One, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261833
Song, H., & Li, G. (2008). Tourism demand modelling and forecasting - a review of recent research. Tourism Management, 29(2), 203-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.07.016
Timothy, D. J., & Teye, V. B. (2009). Tourism and the Lodging Sector. London: Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080942810
Triantafillidou, A., & Siomkos, G. (2013). Summer camping: An extraordinary, nostalgic, and interpersonal experience. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 19(3), 197-208. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766712463719
UNWTO Tourism Dashboard. (2021). UNWTO tourism data dashboard. https://www.unwto.org/country-profile-inbound-tourism
Van Heerden, C. H. (2020). Motivation and involvement in camping - a gender perspective. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 9(1), 1-14.
Van Rooij, N. & Margaryan, L. (2020). Integration of "ideal migrants": Dutch lifestyle expat-reneurs in Swedish campgrounds. Rural Society, 28(3), 183-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/10371656.2020.1718329
Varadzhakova, D. (2017). Bulgaria as slow tourism destination: Opportunities and perspectives. Proceedings International Scientific Conference "Contemporary tourism - traditions and innovations", Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Sofia (pp. 263-275).
Varadzhakova, D. (2018). Modern types of tourism: The case of Bulgaria. In S. Collin, C. Enz, & S. Drobyazko (Eds.), Science Journal (pp. 192-195). Montreal, Canada: Breeze.
WTTC. (2022). Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2022. https://wttc.org/Portals/0/Documents/Reports/2022/EIR2022-Global%20Trends.pdf
Zeng, B., Carter, R. W., & De Lacy, T. (2005). Short-term perturbations and tourism effects: The case of SARS in China. Current Issues in Tourism, 8(4), 306-322. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500508668220

Relation:

Geographia Polonica

Volume:

96

Issue:

3

Start page:

361

End page:

380

Detailed Resource Type:

Article

Resource Identifier:

oai:rcin.org.pl:239804 ; 0016-7282 (print) ; 2300-7362 (online) ; 10.7163/GPol.0260

Source:

CBGiOS. IGiPZ PAN, call nos.: Cz.2085, Cz.2173, Cz.2406 ; click here to follow the link

Language:

eng

Language of abstract:

eng

Rights:

Creative Commons Attribution BY 4.0 license

Terms of use:

Copyright-protected material. [CC BY 4.0] May be used within the scope specified in Creative Commons Attribution BY 4.0 license, full text available at: ; -

Digitizing institution:

Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Original in:

Central Library of Geography and Environmental Protection. Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization PAS

Projects co-financed by:

European Union. European Regional Development Fund ; Programme Innovative Economy, 2010-2014, Priority Axis 2. R&D infrastructure

Access:

Open