Status troficzny gatunków zooplanktonu słodkowodnego

Gliwicz, Zbigniew Maciej

doi:ISSN 0013-2969

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Title: Status troficzny gatunków zooplanktonu słodkowodnego

Abstract:

Each effort for an ecological classification based on the concept of species always encounters serious difficulties. It is nevertheless necessary when data obtained for species are to be used for the construction of a complex system model composed of the trophic levels. Even the plankton, generally accepted as one of the most simple systems, can be subjected only with great difficulty to the trophic classification operations (Fig 1). The essence of this difficulty is the very unclear trophic status of each animal component of the system. Nevertheless such classification efforts are quite common nowadays (works on IBP synthesis) placing each zooplankton species into herbivores, carnivores, detritivores or omnivores, where only the last group seems reasonable as most species allotted to the three former groups in reality represent their own groups only in specific conditions, e.g. laboratory experiments.The type of food of a given species is largely dependent on three factors: 1. Morphological and functional aspects of food uptake (filter feeding, sedimentation or raptorial feeding, n.b. many species mak e use of two or even three mechanisms alternatively). 2. Animal behaviour which determines its food selectivity: a. ease of choice of a particular feeding zone, b. ease of choice of particular objects from the potential food variety. 3. Abundance of diverse types of food in the environment. The first two factors are essentially of species origin but even these may change quite a bit not only from stage to stage of individual development, but also from environment to environment differ ing in food sources. E.g. Chydorus sphaericusis a typical “scraper” when feeding on periphyton or large phytoplankton colonies(Fryer 1968), but acts as a typical filter feeder in limnetic environment wherethere are no large phytoplankton forms (Gliwicz 1969c). Also, a typical cyclopoidcopepod feeding almost exclusively on phytoplankton in natural conditions,will be a successful carnivore when animal food is more available. Here, whenconsidering the third factor, we come across the greatest difficulty. One cannever be sure whether a species, which in one lake is beyond all doubts a carnivore,is not by chance a typical herbivore in another lake, as is certainly the casewith Cyclops abyssorum tatricus (compare Eppacher 1968 and Pechlaneretal. 1972) or Heterocope saliens (Monakov 1972). ; This is also true of species which do not change their food uptake mechanizmnor feeding behaviour from one to another environment . In this case a sufficientreason for changing the trophic status of a species might be exclusively a modificationof the food conditions. A typical filter feeder grazes mostly on small nannoplanctonicalgae ranging in size from a few to about 20 microns in diameter whenin oligotrophic waters, whereas in eutrophic lakes it becomes a typical detrito andbacteriovore, because, as a result of the very same filtration process, notalgae but bacteria and detritus will be collected in its filtering chamber ( Gliwicz 1969a, 1969b).It seems that correct classification of limnetic animals into trophic types, oreven trophic levels, is possible only in the case of oligotrophic lakes, where theclassic structure of a food chain is usually maintained: phytoplankton — herbivorouszooplankton — carnivorous zooplankton — fish. This is clearly demonstratedby the succes in building very accurate models of the Alpine Unterer FinstertalerSee (Pechlaner et al. 1972) and the Arctic Char Lake (Rigler 1972). Thetrophic statuses of zooplankton species there are precisely defined thanks to thecharacter of plankton primary production and the lack of an intensive inflow ofallochtonic organic matter.In such oligotrophic waters, because of the low nutrient concentrations thenannoplanctonic algae are the main or exclusive primary producers. This probablybecause their higher surface/volume ratio makes them more effective nutrientutilizers. These small algae (flagellates, greens, small diatoms) fall perfectly intothe size range of food particles available to the typical filter feeder. Furthermore,the small income of allochtonic organic material holds bacteria concentration onlow level, While the low plankton primary production causes insignific ant concentrationof detritus particles. Although both of these are mostly also within thesize range of available food particles, the main food collected in the filteringchamber is the fresh living algae (Fig. 2). So here we have to do with true herbivores— well distinguis hed primary consumers’ trophic level.The situation is different in more productive lakes — waters, richer innutrients and usually supplied with a greater flow of allochtonous organic matter.The phytoplankton standing crop here is strongly dominated by net algae (for anattempt of explanation of this phenomenon see Gliwicz 1973), frequently byhuge blue-green colonies and peridinian cells, several hundred microns in length,much too large to be available for filter feeders. The organic matter produced bysuch a phytoplankton community becomes eventually available as decomposedmaterial. The large amount of organic substratum, both of net phytoplankton andallochtonous origin, increases the concentration of bacterial cells and particles of detritus (tripton) in the environment. Thus the number of live algae within thesize range of food particles available for a filter feeder decreases, whereas theamount of detritus and bacteria increases. In other words, the typical filter feederunable to actively select food particles grazes on totally different food in oligotrophicand eutrophic conditions (Fig. 2).In this case, not only does the trophic status of the filtrators changes, butalso that of predators, generally represented in plankton by cyclopoid copepods. ; As a rule they are pure predators in oligotrophic waters, at least in adult stages.But they shift at least in part onto phytoplankton food in eutrophic conditions.It is not coincidence that animal as well as plant food is noted for most ofthe cyclopoid species in Figure 1. From experimental work carried out on manyspecies it would appear that they feed readily on both animal and plant food(depending on which is in great aboundance) although they do not necessarilydigest each equally well. The same is probably true in natural conditions. Theconcentration of animal food is much higher than of phytoplankton in oligotrophicconditions, and in eutrophic conditions the oposite is true.This problem is further complicated by seasonal changes of phytoplanktonspecies composition, standing crop and production, both in the case of “herbivores”and “carnivores”. Even in eutrophic water body the nannoplanctonic algaeavailab le for filter feeders sometimes dominate during spring time, but in midsummerthey usually give way to net phytoplancton blooms. In addition, latesummer brings from the littoral to the limnetic zone a large amount of the organicmatter in the form of macrophytes detritus or dissolved organic compounds,stimulating a mass development of 'bacteria. This changes the trophic status of“herbivores” to an even greater extent (Fig. 3)2.It would than seem that overall classification of plankton animals in termsof their trophic status is almost impossible. Such an attempt should probably besuccessful with each zooplankton community taken on its own and only for a particularseason. The only possible general classifica tion would have to foe presentedas a continuum (Fig. 1).

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