Advanced search
Advanced search
Advanced search
Advanced search
Advanced search
Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae. Fasc. 34 (2021)
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences ; Polish Academy of Sciences. Łódź Branch
In many publications about arms and armour it is argued that kettle hats were known in antiquity or are derived from ancient helmets. This thesis led to the publication of European Armour circa 1066 to circa 1700 by Cloude Blair, published in 1958. This article aims to argue with Blair’s thesis by tracing the history of ancient brimmed helmets, showing that brimmed helmets were used from the 7th century BC to the first century AD in many regions and by many troop formations. However, these ancient brimmed helmets disappeared from battlefields at the beginning of the 2nd century AD, whereas the first sources concerning medieval brimmed helmets appear many centuries later, in the 11th century. Because of this issue of discontinuity, medieval ‘iron hats’ and ‘kettle hats’ cannot be identified with ancient forms they are associated with through the brim shape only; ancient helmets are distinct in their provenance and names
Aleksinskiy D. P. 2008. Antichnyye sferokonicheskiye shlemy v sobranii Ermitazha. “Soobshcheniya Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha” 66, 18-27
Alexandrή O. 1973. Krάnos Boiwtioyrgέs ex Athhnώn. “Archaiologikή Efhmerίs” 112, 93-105
Allen S. 2007. Lords of Battle. The World of the Celtic Warrior. Oxford
Anderson J. K. 1961. Ancient Greek Horsemanship. Barkley, Los Angeles
Andreae B. 1959. Das Alexandermosaik. Opus Nobile 14. Bremen
Andreae B. 1977. Das Alexandermosaik aus Pompeji. Recklinghausen
Austin M. M. 2006. The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest. A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation. Cambridge
Babelon E. 1932. Traité des monnaies grecques et romaines 3. Paris
Basile J. 1993. The Capestrano Warrior and Related Monuments of the Seventh to Fifth Centuries B.C. “Revue des archéologues et historiens d’art de Louvain” 26, 9-31
Bergemann J. 1990. Römische Reiterstatuen. Ehrendenkmäler im öffentlichen Bereich. Beiträge zur Erschliessung hellenistischer und kaiserzeitlicher Skulptur und Architektur 11. Mainz
Blair C. 1958. European Armour circa 1066 to circa 1700. London.
Boardman J. (ed.) 1995. The Cambridge Ancient History. Plates to volumes V and VI. Cambridge
Bogacki M. 2009. Broń wojsk polskich w okresie średniowiecza. Zakrzewo
Bołdyrew A. 2011. Piechota zaciężna w Polsce w pierwszej połowie XVI wieku. Warszawa
Bonfante L. 2003. Etruscan Dress. 2nd ed. Baltimore
Bonfante L. (ed.) 2011. The Barbarians of Ancient Europe. Realities and Interactions. Cambridge
Božič D. 2014. Das Doppelkammhelm- und Pferdegrab, ausgegraben bei Vače im Jahre 1887. In: S. T. Hvala (ed.), Studia Praehistorica in Honorem Janez Dular. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 30. Ljubljana, 271-286
Bugh G. R. 1988. The Horseman of Athens. Princeton
Cohen A. 1997. The Alexander Mosaic: Stories of Victory and Defeat. Cambridge
Connolly P. 1988. Greece and Rome at War. London
Connolly P. 1984. Hellenistic warfare. In: R. Ling (ed.), The Cambridge Ancient History. Plates to Volume VII Part 1. Cambridge, 81-90
Cowan R. H. 2007. An Important Italic Helmet Rediscovered. “Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt” 37(3), 379-387
D’Amato R., Sumner G. 2009. Arms and Armour of the Imperial Roman Soldier: From Marius to Commodus, 112 BC-AD 192. London
Dezsö T. 2001. Near Eastern Helmets of the Iron Age. Bar International Series 992. Oxford
Dintsis P. 1986. Hellenistische Helme 2. Archaeologica 43. Roma
Ducati P. 1923. La situla della Certosa. Memoria Presentata Il 29 Giugno 1923 Alla Classe Di Scienze Morali Della R. Accademia Delle Scienze Dell’istituto Di Bologna. Bologna
Dunbabin K. M. D. 1999. Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World. New York
Egg M. 1986. Italische Helme: Studien zu den ältereisentzaitlichen Helmen Italiens und der Alpen 1. Monographien des Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz 11. Mainz
Egg M. 1988a. Ein antiker Bronzehelm vom Ufer des Sempachersees. “Archäologie der Schweiz” 11(2), 77-78
Egg M. 1988b. Italische Helme mit Krempe. In: A. Bottini (ed.), Antike Helme. Sammlung Lipperheide und andere Bestände des Antikenmuseums Berlin. Monographien des Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz 14. Mainz, 222-270
Feyel M. 1935. Un nouveau fragment du règlement militaire trouvé a Amphipolis. “Revue Archéologique” 6 (juillet-décembre), 29-68, 206
Fields N. 2008. Tarentine Horseman of Magna Graecia. 430–190 BC. Warrior 130. Oxford
Fields N. 2011. Early Roman Warrior 753–321 BC. Warrior 156. Oxford
Fields N. 2012. Roman Republican Legionary 298–105 BC. Warrior 162. Oxford
Fraser P. M., Rönne T. 1957. Boeotian and West Greek Tombstones. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska Institutet i Athen 4, VI. Lund
Gagsteiger G. 1993. Die ptolemäischen Waffenmodelle aus Memphis. Hildesheimer ägyptologische Beiträge 36. Hildesheim
Gardner P. 1883. Catalogue of Greek Coins. Thessaly to Aetolia. A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum 6. London
Gardner P. 1886. The Coins of the Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India in the British Museum. London
Gilliver K. 2002. Caesar’s Gallic Wars. 58–50 BC. Oxford
Gilliver K., Whitby M., Goldsworthy A. 2005. Rome at War. Caesar and His Legacy. Oxford
Giroire C., Roger D. 2007. Roman Art from the Louvre. New York
Gosk D. 2018. Średniowieczne kapaliny rusko-bizantyjskie z terenu Europy Wschodniej. In: H. Dubrzyńska (ed.), Europeistyka, Studia i Badania Naukowe / Scientific Studies and Research 2 (2016). Gdańsk, 103-128
Gosk D. forthcoming. Średniowieczne kapaliny z ziem polskich na tle europejskim. Malbork
Gradowski M., Żygulski Jr. Z. 2010. Słownik uzbrojenia historycznego. Warszawa
von Graeve V. 1970. Der Alexandersarkophag und seine Werkstatt. Instanbuler Forschungen 28. Berlin
Grotowski P. Ł. 2011. Święci wojownicy w sztuce bizantyńskiej (843-1261). Studia nad ikonografią uzbrojenia i ubioru. Kraków
Hamdi Bey O., Reinach T. 1892a. Une nécropole royale à Sidon: fouilles de Hamdi Bey: Planches. Paris
Hamdi Bey O., Reinach T. 1892b. Une nécropole royale à Sidon: fouilles de Hamdi Bey: Texte. Paris
Hannah P. A. 1984. The Representation of Greek Hoplite Body-Armour in the Art of the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B. C. Doctoral Thesis defended at the University of Oxford; Available online: http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0814a0f0-5708-4798-bb33-67f4463cc388
Heath I., McBride A. 1979. Byzantine Armies 886-1118. Oxford
Hermann Historica München, Auktion 49, 19 Oktober 2005. Available online: https://www.hermann-historica-archiv.de/auktion49/49auktion.htm
Hencken H. 1971. The Earliest European Helmets: Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. Cambridge
Holland L. A. 1956. The Purpose of the Warrior Image from Capestrano. “American Journal of Archaeology” 60(3), 243-247
Homolle T. 1882. Comptes des Hiéropes du temple d’Apollon Délien. “Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique” 6, 1-167
Hvala S. T. 2012. Magdalenska gora: družbena struktura in grobni rituali železnodobne skupnosti. Ljubljana
Jacobelli L. 2003. Gladiators at Pompeii. Los Angeles
Jarva E. 1991. In Search of Xenophon’s Ideal Helmet: An Alternative View of the Kranos Boiotiourges. “Faravid” 15, 33-83
Junkelmann M. 2000a. Familia Gladiatoria: The Heroes of the Amphitheatre. In: E. Köhne, C. Ewigleben, R. Jackson (eds.), Gladiators and Caesars. The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome. Berkley, Los Angeles, 31-74
Junkelmann M. 2000b. Römische Helme. Sammlung Axel Guttmann 8. Mainz
Kraay C. M. 1966. Greek Coins. London
Kraay C. M. 1976. Archaic and Classical Greek Coins. Methuen, London
Kwaśniewicz W. 2005. Leksykon dawnego uzbrojenia ochronnego. Warszawa
Kwaśniewicz W. 2017. Encyklopedia dawnej broni i uzbrojenia ochronnego. Warszawa
Macurdy G. H. 1942. Apollodorus and the Speech against Neaera (Pseudo-Dem. LIX). “The American Journal of Philology” 63(3), 257-271
Maguire H. 1997. Images of the Court. In: H. C. Evans, W. D. Wixom (eds.), The Glory of Byzantium. Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era A. D. 843-1261. New York, 183-192
Markey T. 2001. A Tale of Two Helmets: The Negau A and B Inscriptions. “Journal of Indo-European Studies” 29(1-2), 69-172
Martin T. R. 1985. Sovereignty and Coinage in Classical Greece. Princeton, New Jersey
Millett P. 2010. The Political Economy of Macedonia. In: J. Roisman, I. Worthington (eds.), A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, 472-504
Moede K. 2007. Reliefs, Public and Private. In: J. Rüpke (ed.), A Companion to Roman Religion. Malden, Oxford, Victoria, 164-175
Must G. 1957. The Problem of the Inscription on Helmet B of Negau. “Harvard Studies in Classical Philology” 62, 51-59
Nadolski A. (ed.) 1990. Uzbrojenie w Polsce średniowiecznej 1350-1450. Łódź
Nadolski A. (ed.) 1994. Polska technika wojskowa do 1500 roku. Warszawa
Nedoma R., Urban O. H. 2002. Negauer Helm. In: H. Beck, R. Müller, H. Steuer, D. Steuer (eds.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertümskunde 21. Berlin, New York, 52-61
Nicolle D. 1995. Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom 1. London
Norris H. 1999. Ancient European Costume and Fashion. Toronto
Nowakowski A. 1990. Uzbrojenie ochronne. In: A. Nadolski (ed.), Uzbrojenie w Polsce średniowiecznej 1350-1450. Łódź, 31-110
Nowakowski A. 1991. Uzbrojenie średniowieczne w Polsce (na tle środkowoeuropejskim). Toruń
Nowakowski A. 1994. Uzbrojenie indywidualne. In: A. Nadolski (ed.), Polska technika wojskowa do 1500 roku. Warszawa, 198-248
Nowakowski A. 2003. Uzbrojenie ochronne. In: A. Nowakowski (ed.), Uzbrojenie w Polsce średniowiecznej 1450-1500. Toruń, 75-108
Nowakowski A., Szymczak J. 1985. Rodzaje uzbrojenia ochronnego w Polsce w okresie monarchii stanowej w świetle źródeł pisanych. “Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej” 33(1-2), 29-46
Oikonomides A. N. 1984. Eukratides the Great and Hellenistic Bactria. “The Ancient World” 9(1-2), 29-34
Paddock J. M. 1993. The Bronze Italian Helmet. The Development of the Cassis from the Last Quarter of the Sixth Century B.C. to the Third Quarter of the First Century A.D. vol. 1. London. Doctoral Thesis defended at the University of London. Available online: http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1348999/
Pernet L. 2010. Armement et auxiliaires gaulois. (IIᵉ et Iᵉʳ siècles avant notre ère). Protohistoire européenne 12. Montagnac
Pflug H. 1989. Schutz und Zier. Helme aus dem Antikenmuseum Berlin und Waffen anderer Sammlungen. Ausstellung Antikenmuseum Basel und Sammlung Ludwig 1989. Basel
Ponger Ch. S. 1942. Katalog der griechischen und römischen Skulptur, der steinernen Gegenstände und der Stuckplastik im Allard Pierson Museum zu Amsterdam. Archaeologisch-historische bijdragen 11. Amsterdam
Regina la A. (ed.) 2001. Sangue e arena. Catalogue of the exhibition. Roma
Reichardt K. 1953. The Inscription on Helmet B of Negau. “Language” 29(3), 306-316
Reinecke P. 1944. Der Negauer Helmfund. “Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission” 32 (1942), 117-198
Ridder A. 1922. Fouilles de Thespies et de l’Hiéron des Muses de l’Hélicon (P. Jamot: 1888-1889-1890, P. Jamot et A. Ridder: 1891). Monuments figurés. “Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique” 46, 217-306
Robinson H. R. 1975. The Armour of Imperial Rome. London
Rogers E. 1932. The Copper Coinage of Thessaly. London
Rumpf A. 1943. Kranos boiōtiourges. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-historische Klasse 8. Berlin
Rumpf A. 1962. Zum Alexander Mosaik. “Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Athenische Abteilung” 77, 229-241
Schaaff U. 1974. Keltische Eisenhelme aus vorrömischer Zeit. “Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz” 21: Festschrift Hans-Jürgen Hundt zum 65. Geburtstag: Vorgeschichte, 149-204
Schaaff U. 1988. Keltische Helme. In: A. Bottini (ed.), Antike Helme. Sammlung Lipperheide und andere Bestände des Antikenmuseums Berlin. Monographien des Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz 14. Mainz, 293-317
Schefold K., Seidel M. 1968. Der Alexander-Sarkophag. 81 Aufnahmen und Bildgestaltung. Berlin
Seiterle G. 1982. Das Hauptstadttor von Ephesos. “Antike Kunst” 25, 145-149
Sekunda N. 1984. The Army of Alexander the Great. Men-at-arms series 148. London
Sekunda N. 1986. The Ancient Greeks. Elite series 7. Oxford
Sekunda N. 1992. The Persian Army 560–330 BC. Elite 42. Oxford
Sekunda N. 1995. Early Roman Armies. Oxford
Sekunda N. 2007. Military forces. In: P. Sabin, H. van Wees, M. Whitby (eds.), The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare 1. Greece. The Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome. Cambridge, 325-356
Sekunda N. 2012. Macedonian Armies after Alexander 323-168 BC. Men-at-arms series. Oxford
Sheppard R. 2008. Alexander the Great at War. His Army – His Battles – His Enemies. New York
Sidky H. 2000. The Greek Kingdom of Bactria. From Alexander to Eucratides the Great. Oxford
Skubiszewski P. 1973. Malarstwo karolińskie i przedromańskie. Warszawa
Skubiszewski P. 2001. Sztuka Europy łacińskiej od VI do IX wieku. Lublin
Snodgrass A. M. 1967. Arms and Armour of the Greek. New York
Spence I. G. 1993. The Cavalry of Classical Greece. A Social and Military History with Particular References to Athens. Oxford
Stähler K. 1999. Das Alexandermosaik: über Machterringung und Machtverlust. Kunststück 13149. Frankfurt am Main
Stewart A. 1993. Faces of Power. Alexander’s Image and Hellenistic Politics. Berkley, Los Angeles, Oxford
Tarn W. W. 1951. The Greeks in Bactria & India. Cambridge
The World of Athens. An Introduction to Classical Athenian Culture. Revised by Robin Osborne. Cambridge 1984
Travis H., Travis J. 2014. Roman Helmets. Stroud
Trevett J. 1990. History in [Demosthenes] 59. “The Classical Quarterly” 40(2), 407-420
Vickers M., Brown A. C., Catling H. W. 1974-1975. Recent Acquisitions by the Ashmolean Museum. “Archaeological Reports” 21, 29-39
Wahl J. 1977. Gladiatorenhelm-Beschläge vom Limes. “Germania” 55, 108-132
Waurick G. 1988. Helme der hellenistischen Zeit und ihre Vorläufer. In: A. Bottini (ed.), Antike Helme. Sammlung Lipperheide und andere Bestände des Antikenmuseums Berlin. Monographien des Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz 14. Mainz, 151-179
Wilcox P., McBride A. 1985. Rome’s Enemies (2). Gallic and British Celts. Men-at-Arms. Oxford
Winter F. 1912. Der Alexandersarkophag aus Sidon: mit achtzehn Tafeln. Schriften der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft in Strassburg 15. Strassburg
Żygulski Jr. Z. 1975. Broń w dawnej Polsce na tle uzbrojenia Europy i Bliskiego Wschodu. Warszawa
Żygulski Jr. Z. 1998. Broń starożytna. Grecja, Rzym, Galia, Germania. Warszawa
Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae
oai:rcin.org.pl:235562 ; 0860-0007 ; doi:10.23858/FAH34.2021.010
IAiE PAN, call no. P III 348 ; IAiE PAN, call no. P III 349 ; IAiE PAN, call no. P III 368 ; click here to follow the link
Creative Commons Attribution BY 4.0 license
Copyright-protected material. [CC BY 4.0] May be used within the scope specified in Creative Commons Attribution BY 4.0 license, full text available at: ; -
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Library of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Jun 12, 2022
Jun 12, 2022
235
https://rcin.org.pl./publication/270536
Edition name | Date |
---|---|
Gosk, Daniel, 2021, Ancient Brimmed Helmets as Introduction to Medieval Kettle Hats? | Jun 12, 2022 |
Bołdyrew, Aleksander
Michalak, Arkadiusz
Ławrynowicz, Olgierd Wasiak, Wojciech
Mielczarek, Mariusz (1945– )
Bołdyrew, Aleksander