Metody ilościowego połowu imagines Tendipedidae

Kajak, Zdzisław

doi:ISSN 0424-7205

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Title: Metody ilościowego połowu imagines Tendipedidae

Abstract:

The quantitative capture of emerging imagines and pupae of Tendipedidae, which is more and more frequently employed, facilitate, on the one hand, investigation of life cycles, and on the other, a more accurate understanding of the dynamics, causes of reductions in numbers, circulation of material in the water, etc. The basic apparatus used consists of traps and cages; these were used for the first time by Needham (1908) and independently of Needham, by Grandilewskaja-Deksbach (1935) and Borucki (1939) using traps of the construction proposed by Rossolimo.The traps generally used can be divided into three basic types, as follows:l. Traps floating on the surface of the water.2. Traps submerged in the water.3. Traps put, or even driven into the bed of water reservoir. The author draws attention to the lack of importance attached by research workers to details of construction, and methods of placing the funnels in the water, although this has a decided influence on results obtained, and he also discusses the more important of these questions. The type of apparatus used and the method of placing it in position is to a large extent determined by the character of the reservoir of water:a) in shallow and calm water all the types of apparatus referred to can be used (fig. 1). At the littoral of lakes type l-3 is used (Judd, 1953). Methods of placing in position apparatus used in slightly deeper water is shown on fig. 2a (Mundie, 1955), on 2b and IC-3 (Kajak - work in the press),b) in deep water where strong beating of waves is encountered, the aim is usually to submerge the funnels completely, even below the level subject to wave movement. Jonasson's (1954) solution shown on fig. 3b is of interest,c) in running water (mainly streams) traps of types A. 3 and A. l (fig. l) (Ide, 1940, Lepniewa, 1927, Sprules, 1947, Żilcowa, Czistiakowa 1956).Apparatus for capturing these animals alters the environment to a certain extent - it increases calm and shade, limits the freedom of movement of the pupae; the composition and pressure of the in the vessels of the completely submerged funnels is altered; the pupae may either react favourably or unfavourably to contact with the wall of the apparatus, and some individual species may exhibit differing reactions. A number of the foregoing cases has now been proved. ; It is shown that relatively smaller numbers of insects are captured in large apparatus (l m2) in comparison with small (about 0,2 m2), and also that the capturing capacity of darkened funnels is considerably less (Scott-Opdyke, 1941; Kajak). From authors data it is possible to demonstrate that partly submerged funnels capture many more times the number of Pelopia kraatzi than those completely submerged, or cylindrical traps (and therefore more than actual amounts). What is more, the degree of capturing capacity of various types of apparatus changes over a period of one year. The condition of insects captured in completely submerged funnels is as a rule considerably worse than that of insects captured in surface apparatus, and a certain amount of the individuals die. On this account, some doubt may be felt as to whether the funnels do not show a smaller number of insects than the true state. In the case of surface funnels and those only slightly submerged, mechanical factors play a large part waves, wind, rain and for this reason a larger number of imagines is captured if the traps are frequently examined. A very interesting design is that of the self-poisoning trap designed by Borucki (1955) but one which clearly requires checking to see if the smell does not frighten off the pupae etc. Capturing apparatus submerged, in calm water especially should be dry from time to time, in order to destroy the epifauna which develops there abundantly.An analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of apparatus leads to the conclusion that the best is the cylindrical trap (fig. 1-C-3; Kajak) as it protects the pupae from fish, captures insects from a clearly-defined area of the lake-bed and ensures normal physico-chemical conditions. Unfortunately it can only be used in shallow and calm water. The methods of capturing in quantity imagines and pupae of the Tendipedidae need constructive criticism and further investigation.Capturing of eggs of Tendipedidae serves the same purpose as quantitative capturing of imagines, but up to the present this method has not been generally employed (Borucki, 1939; Kajak work in the press), and further investigation should be made of methods of capture.

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