Rural/urban: Laying bare the controversy

Dymitrow, Mirek

doi:0016-7282 (print)

Przejdź do menu głównego
Przejdź do wyszukiwarki
Przejdź do treści
Przejdź do stopki

Pobierz

Tytuł: Rural/urban: Laying bare the controversy

Abstrakt:

Concepts are the basic building blocks of all knowledge, while the strength of any societal project is dependent on the quality of those concepts. As two of the oldest geographical concepts still in widespread use, ‘rural/urban’ stand in stark contrast to the immense changes encountered by the society over the last century, let alone decades. To better understand this controversy, this paper moves away from conventional rural and urban theory, and instead focuses on the philosophical constitution of this conceptual pair. By critically evaluating six of the most common conceptions of ‘rural/urban’, including their pros and cons, this paper makes a case for reconfiguring our relationship with familiar understandings of societal organization. The paper concludes that by paying greater attention to how concepts operate at a cognitive level, how they are construed and collectively maintained, can help facilitate decisions whether ‘rural/urban’ are truly analytically contributory to a specific line of thought or action, or whether they merely linger as a cultural ostinato that is too elusive to be conquered or held.

Bibliografia:

1. Amsterdamska O., 1990. Book review: Surely you're joking, Mr Latour!. Science, Technology and Human Values, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 495-504. https://doi.org/10.1177/016224399001500407
2. Bailey W.L., 1924. The shifting bases of rural sociology. Publications of the American Sociological Society, vol. 19, pp. 161-164.
3. Barnett C., 2011. Geography and ethics: Justice unbound. Progress in Human Geography, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 246‑255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132510370672
4. Baron S., Dougherty T., Miller K., 2015. Why is there female under-representation among philosophy majors?. Ergo: An Open Access Journal of Philosophy, vol. 2, no. 14, pp. 329‑365.
5. Bawaka Country, Wright S., Suchet-Pearson S., Lloyd K., Burarrwanga L., Ganambarr R., Maymuru D., Sweeney J., 2016. Co-becoming Bawaka: Towards a relational understanding of place/space. Progress in Human Geography, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 455-475. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132515589437
6. Bealer R.C., Willits F.K., Kuvlesky W.P., 1965. The meaning of rurality in American society: Some implications of alternative definitions. Rural Sociology, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 255‑266.
7. Bell M.M., 1992. The fruit of difference: The rural-urban continuum as a system of identity. Rural Sociology, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 65-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1992.tb00457.x
8. Berger P.L., Luckmann T., 1966. The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Garden City: Anchor Books.
9. Berman M., 1983. All that is solid melts into air: The experience of modernity. London: Verso.
10. Bohleber W., Fonagy P., Jiménez J.P., Scarfone D., Varvin S., Zysman S., 2013. Towards a better use of psychoanalytic concepts: A model illustrated using the concept of enactment. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, vol. 94, no. 3, pp. 501‑530. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-8315.12075
10. Bossuet L., 2013. Les ruralités du quotidien ou de nouvelles alliances. Géographie, Économie, Société, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 47-65. https://doi.org/10.3166/ges.15.47-65
11. Bosworth G., Somerville P. (eds.), 2014. Interpreting rurality: Multidisciplinary approaches. London–New York: Routledge.
12. Brauer R., 2012. Synthesizing Time Geography and Actor-Network Theory: An ontological discussion combining Time Geography and ActorNetwork Theory concepts with regard to telepresence. Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg.
13. Brauer R., Dymitrow M., 2014. Quality of life in rural areas: A topic for the rural development policy?. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, vol. 25, pp. 25-54.
14. Brauer R., Dymitrow M., 2017. Human Geography and the hinterland: The case of Torsten Hägerstrand's 'belated' recognition. Moravian Geographical Reports, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 74-84. https://doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2017-0007
15. Brenner N., 2011. The urbanization question, or, the field formerly known as urban studies (lecture). Harvard: Graduate School of Design, Harvard University (1 November 2011).
16. Brenner N., 2013. Theses on urbanization. Public Culture, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 85-114. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-1890477
17. Brenner N., 2015. The urban age in question: Towards a new epistemology of the urban (lecture). Melbourne: Melbourne School of Design (17 March 2015).
18. Brenner N., Theodore N., 2002. Cities and the geographies of "actually existing neoliberalism". Antipode, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 349‑379. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8330.00246
19. Buss D., 2015. Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315663319
20. Carolan M.S., 2008. More-than-representational knowledge/s of the countryside: How we think as bodies. Sociologia Ruralis, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 408-422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2008.00458.x
21. Cassel S.H., Petterson K., 2015. Performing gender and rurality in Swedish farm tourism. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, vol. 15, no. 1‑2, pp. 138‑151. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2015.1005333
22. Chacko E., 2004. Positionality and praxis: Fieldwork experiences in rural India. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 51‑63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0129-7619.2004.00172.x
23. Champion A., Hugo G., 2004. New forms of urbanization: Beyond the urban–rural dichotomy. Hants, UK: Asghate.
24. Cloke P.J., 1977. An index of rurality for England and Wales. Regional Studies, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 31‑46. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595237700185041
25. Cloke P., 2006. Conceptualizing rurality [in:] P. Cloke, T. Marsden, P.H. Mooney (eds.), Handbook of rural studies, London: Sage, pp. 18-28. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781848608016.n2
26. Cloke P., Johnston R., 2005. Deconstructing human geography's binaries [in:] P. Cloke, R. Johnston (eds.), Spaces of geographical thought: Deconstructing human geography's binaries, London: Sage, pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446216293.n1
27. Cloke P., Johnston R. (eds.), 2005. Spaces of geographical thought: Deconstructing human geography's binaries, London: Sage.
28. Cloke P., Milbourne P., 1992. Deprivation and lifestyles in rural Wales — II. Rurality and the cultural dimension. Journal of Rural Studies, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 359‑371. https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(92)90050-G ; https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(92)90049-C
29. Colby C.C., 1933. Centrifugal and centripetal forces in urban geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 1‑20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045603609357146 ; https://doi.org/10.1080/00045603309357110
30. Copp H.H., 1972. Rural sociology and rural development. Rural Sociology, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 515‑533.
31. Couclelis H., 1992. Location, place, region, and space [in:] R.F. Abler, M.G. Marcus, J.M. Olson (eds.), Geography's inner worlds, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, pp. 215‑233.
32. Cresswell T., 2009. Discourse [in:] R. Kitchin, N. Thrift (eds.), International encyclopedia of human geography, London: Elsevier, pp. 211-214.
33. Dahly D.L., Adair L.S., 2007. Quantifying the urban environment: A scale measure of urbanicity outperforms the urban–rural dichotomy. Social Science & Medicine, vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 1407-1419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.11.019
34. Derrida J., 1981. Positions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
35. Dewey R., 1960. The rural-urban continuum: Real but relatively unimportant. American Journal of Sociology, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 60-66. https://doi.org/10.1086/222824
36. Dewsbury J.-D., 2000. Performativity and the event: Enacting a philosophy of difference. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 473‑496. https://doi.org/10.1068/d200t
37. Dijkstra L., Garcilazo E., McCann P., 2013. The economic performance of European cities and city regions: Myths and realities. European Planning Studies, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 334‑354. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2012.716245
38. Dougill A.J., Fraser E.D.G., Holden J., Hubacek K., Prell C., Reed M.S., Stagl S., Strnger L.C., 2006. Learning from doing participatory rural research: Lessons from the Peak District National Park. Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 259-275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.2006.00051.x
39. Dymitrow M., 2013. Degraded towns in Poland as cultural heritage. International Journal of Heritage Studies, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 613‑631. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2012.681681
40. Dymitrow M., 2014. The effigy of urbanity or a rural parody?. Journal of Cultural Geography, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 1‑31. https://doi.org/10.1080/08873631.2013.873298
41. Dymitrow M., 2017. Degradation, restitution and the elusive culture of rural-urban thinking. Fennia – International Journal of Geography, vol. 195, no. 1, pp. 36‑60.
42. Dymitrow M., 2017. Rural/urban redux. Conceptual problems and material effects. Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg.
43. Dymitrow M., Biegańska J., Grzelak-Kostulska E., 2018. Deprivation and the rural-urban trap. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, vol. 109, no. 1, pp. 87-108. https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12263
44. Dymitrow M., Brauer R., 2014. Social deprivation and urbanity as the elephant in the room [in:] R. Efe, T.T. Onay, I. Sharuho, E. Atasoy (eds.), Urban and urbanization, Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, pp. 381‑395.
45. Dymitrow M., Brauer R., 2017. Performing rurality. But who?. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, vol. 38, pp. 27‑45.
46. Dymitrow M., Brauer R., 2018. Meaningful yet useless? Factors behind the retention of questionable concepts in human geography. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, vol. 100, no. 3, pp. 195‑219. https://doi.org/10.1080/04353684.2017.1419071
47. Dymitrow M., Halfacree K., 2018. Sustainability–differently. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, vol. 40, pp. 7-16.
48. Dymitrow M., Stenseke M., 2016. Rural-urban blurring and the subjectivity within. Rural Landscapes: Society, Environment, History, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1‑13.
49. Earl D., 2002. A defense of the classical view of concepts. Denver: University of Colorado.
50. Easterlin R.A., Angelescu L., Zweig J.S., 2011. The impact of modern economic growth on urban–rural differences in subjective well-being. World Development, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 2187‑2198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.04.015
51. Edelman M., 2009. Synergies and tensions between rural social movements and professional researchers. Journal of Peasant Studies, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 245‑265. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150902820313
52. Edensor T., 2006. Performing rurality [in:] P. Cloke, T. Marsden, P.H. Mooney (eds.), Handbook of rural studies, London: Sage, pp. 484-495. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781848608016.n35
53. Eriksson M., 2010. "People in Stockholm are smarter than countryside folks" – Reproducing urban and rural imaginaries in film and life. Journal of Rural Studies, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 95-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2009.09.005
54. Falk W.W., Pinhey T.K., 1978. Making sense of the concept rural and doing rural sociology: An interpretive perspective. Rural Sociology, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 547‑558.
55. Fleck L., 1935 [1979]. Genesis and development of a scientific fact. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
56. Freibach-Heifetz D., Stopler G., 2008. On conceptual dichotomies and social oppression. Philosophy & Social Criticism, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 515‑535. https://doi.org/10.1177/0191453708089197
57. Galjart B., 1973. The future of rural sociology. Sociologia Ruralis, vol. 13, no. 3‑4, pp. 254‑263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.1973.tb00889.x
58. Galpin C.J., 1918. Rural life. New York: Century.
59. Galpin C.J., Campbell W.J., Vogt P.L., 1918. Rural sociology: Standardization of research. The American Journal of Sociology, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 303‑310. https://doi.org/10.1086/212907
60. Gibson-Graham J.K., 2000. Poststructural interventions [in:] E. Sheppard, T. Barnes (eds.), A companion to economic geography, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 95-110.
61. Gibson-Graham J.K., Roelvink G., 2010. An economic ethics for the Anthropocene [in:] N. Castree, P.A. Chatterton, N. Heynen, W. Larner, M.W. Wright (eds.), The point is to change it: Geographies of hope and survival in an age of crisis, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 320‑346. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444397352.ch15
62. Gieryn T.F., 1983. Boundary-work and the demarcation of science from non-science: Strains and interests in professional ideologies of scientists. American Sociological Review, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 781-795. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095325
63. Gillette J.M., 1917. The scope and methods of instruction in rural sociology. Publications of the American Sociological Society, vol. 11, pp. 163‑180.
64. Greenhough B., 2010. Vitalist geographies: Life and the more-than-human [in:] B. Anderson, P. Harrison (eds.), Taking-place: Non-representational theories and geography, London: Routledge, pp. 37‑54.
65. Guba E.G., Lincoln Y.S., 1994. Competing paradigms in qualitative research [in:] N.K. Denzin, Y.S. Lincoln (eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research, Thousand Oaks: Sage, pp. 105-117.
66. Hägerstrand T., 1953. Innovation diffusion as a spatial process. Chicago: University Press.
67. Halfacree K., 1993. Locality and social representation: Space, discourse and alternative definitions of the rural. Journal of Rural Studies, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 23‑37. https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(93)90003-3
68. Halfacree K., 2006. Rural space: Constructing a three-fold architecture [in:] P. Cloke, T. Marsden, P.H. Mooney (eds.), Handbook of rural studies. London: Sage, pp. 44-62.
69. Halfacree K., 2009. Urban-rural continuum [in:] R. Kitchin., N. Thrift (eds.), International encyclopedia of human geography, London: Elsevier, pp. 119-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008044910-4.01109-3
70. Halfacree K., 2009. Rurality and post-rurality [in:] R. Kitchin, N. Thrift (eds.), International encyclopedia of human geography, London: Elsevier, pp. 449-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008044910-4.00911-1
71. Halfacree K., 2012. Diverse ruralities in the 21st century: From effacement to re-invention [in:] L.J. Kulcsár, K.J. Curtis (eds.), International handbook of rural demography, Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 387‑400.
72. Hall T., 1998. Urban geography. London: Routledge.
73. Hansen K.P., 2011. Kultur und Kulturwissenschaft. Tübingen: A. Francke Verlag UTB.
74. Haraway D., 1991. Simians, cyborgs, and women: The reinvention of nature. London: Free Association Books.
75. Head L., 2011. More than human, more than nature: Plunging into the river. Griffith Review, vol. 31, pp. 37‑43.
76. Hedlund M., 2017. Growth and decline in rural Sweden: Geographical distribution of employment and population 1960-2010. Umeå: Umeå University.
77. Hoggart K., 1990. Let's do away with rural. Journal of Rural Studies, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 245‑257. https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(90)90079-N
78. Holder R.W., 2008. Oxford dictionary of euphemisms. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
79. Houston D., Pulido L., 2002. The work of performativity: Staging social justice at the University of Southern California. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 401-424. https://doi.org/10.1068/d344
80. Hubbard P., 2006. City. Abingdon–New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203392256
81. Jonas A.E.G., McCann E., Thomas M., 2015. Urban geography. A critical introduction. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
82. Kay R., 2012. Managing everyday (in)securities: Normative values, emotional security and symbolic recognition in the lives of Russian rural elders. Journal of Rural Studies, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 63‑71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2012.01.018
83. Killermann S., 2013. The social justice advocate's handbook: A guide to gender. Austin: Impetus Books.
84. Kirk W., 1980. The rural-urban continuum: Perception and reality [in:] G. Enyedi, J. Mészáros (eds.), Development of settlement systems, Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, pp. 11‑19.
85. Kruger L., 2013. Performing urbanity: City drama on street and stage [in:] L. Kruger (ed.), Imagining the edgy city: Writing, performing, and building Johannesburg, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 46-55.
86. Krzysztofik R., 2016. Revisiting the question of centripetal and centrifugal forces in urban systems. Geographia Polonica, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 429-442. https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0066
87. Krzysztofik R., Dymitrow M., Kantor-Pietraga I., Spórna T., 2016. The concept of urban hibernation. European Planning Studies, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 316‑343. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1078296
88. Krzysztofik R., Dymitrow M., Biegańska J., Senetra A., Gavriilidou E., Nadolu B., Kantor-Pietraga I., Grzelak-Kostulska E., Oureilidou E., Luches D., Spórna T., Teodorescu D., Wasilewicz-Pszczółkowska M., Holmertz G., Szczepańska A., Brauer R., 2017. Landscapes with different logics: A physicalist approach to semantic conflicts in spatial planning. Quaestiones Geographicae, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 29‑45. https://doi.org/10.1515/quageo-2017-0034
89. Kuhn T.S., 1962 [1970]. The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
90. Laszczkowski M., 2016. Performing urbanity: Migrants, the city and collective identification [in:] M. Laszczkowski (ed.), 'City of the future': Built space, modernity and urban change in Astana, New York–Oxford: Berghahn Books, pp. 57-79.
91. Latour B., 1993. We have never been modern. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
92. Latour B., 2005. Reassembling the social: An introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
93. Lefebvre H., 1962 [2011]. Introduction to modernity: Twelve preludes, September 1959–May 1961. London–New York: Verso.
94. Lefebvre H., 1991. The production of space. Oxford: Blackwell.
95. Lerner A.M., Eakin H., 2011. An obsolete dichotomy? Rethinking the rural–urban interface in terms of food security and production in the Global South. The Geographical Journal, vol. 177, no. 4, pp. 311‑320. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2010.00394.x
96. Leyshon M., 2002. On being 'in the field': Practice, progress and problems in research with young people in rural areas. Journal of Rural Studies, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 179-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(01)00038-9
97. Little J., 1999. Otherness, representation and the cultural construction of rurality. Progress in Human Geography, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 437‑442. https://doi.org/10.1177/030913259902300307
98. Lorimer H., 2005. Cultural geography: The busyness of being 'more-than-representational'. Progress in Human Geography, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 83‑94. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132505ph531pr
99. Manning N., 2002. Actor networks, policy networks and personality disorder. Sociology of Health & Illness, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 644-666. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.00312
100. Margolis E., Laurence S. (eds.), 1999. Concepts: Core readings. Cambridge: MIT Press.
101. Massey D., 2005. For space. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
102. Maxwell J.A., 2012. Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. London: Sage.
103. McAreavey R., 2008. Researcher and employee: Reflections on reflective practice in rural development research. Sociologia Ruralis, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 389‑407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2008.00459.x
104. McGill R., 2000. Performing rurality: Tourists and topology in Alice Munro's "Something I've been meaning to tell you" [in:] A. Cabral, R.L. Maia (eds.), Postmodern productions: Text–power–knowledge, Erlangen: Erlangen University, pp. 278-279.
105. Meeus S.J., Gulinck H., 2008. Semi-urban areas in landscape research: A review. Living Reviews in Landscape Research, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1‑45. https://doi.org/10.12942/lrlr-2008-3
106. Millward H., Harrington L., Ilbery B., Beesley K.B., 2003. Milieux, viewpoints, and processes of change in the new countryside [in:] K.B. Beesley, H. Millward, B. Ilbery, B., L. Harrington (eds.), The new countryside: Geographic perspectives on rural change, Brandon–Halifax: Brandon University–Saint Mary's University, pp. 9‑23.
107. Mordue T., 2014. Performing the rural through game-angling [in:] E. Kasbov (ed.), Rural cooperation in Europe: In search of the 'relational rurals', London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 121‑134. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137348890_6
108. Mormont M., 1990. Who is rural? Or how to be rural: Towards a sociology of the rural [in:] T. Marsden, P. Lowe, S. Whatmore (eds.), Rural restructuring, London: David Fulton, pp. 21-44.
109. Moseley W.G., 2007. Collaborating in the field, working for change: Reflecting on partnerships between academics, development organizations and rural communities in Africa. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 334‑347. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.2007.00305.x
110. Murphy K., 2010. Fears and fantasies: Modernity, gender and the rural-urban divide. Bern: Peter Lang. https://doi.org/10.3726/978-1-4539-0023-9
111. Nash C., 2000. Performativity in practice: Some recent work in cultural geography. Progress in Human Geography, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 653‑664. https://doi.org/10.1191/030913200701540654
112. Nelson L., 1999. Bodies (and spaces) do matter: The limits of performativity. Gender, Place and Culture, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 331‑353. https://doi.org/10.1080/09663699924926
113. Newby H., 1986. Locality and rurality: The restructuring of rural social relations. Regional Studies, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 209‑215. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595238600185191
114. Nilsson B., Lundgren A.S., 2015. Logics of rurality: Political rhetoric about the Swedish North. Journal of Rural Studies, vol. 37, pp. 85‑95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2014.11.012
115. Nowak A.W., 2014. Ontological imagination and phronetic social science. STS and a quest for just society [in:] S. Malou Strandvad, K. Dupret (eds.), Proceedings of the DASTS 2014 Conference "Enacting Futures" (12–13 June), Roskilde: Danish Association for Science and Technology Studies, p. 35.
116. Özgen E., 2004. Language, learning, and color perception. Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 95‑98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00282.x
117. Pahl R., 1966. The rural-urban continuum. Sociologia Ruralis, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 299‑329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.1966.tb00537.x
118. Pain R., 2004. Social geography: Participatory research. Progress in Human Geography, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 652‑663. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132504ph511pr
119. Pateman T., 2011. Rural and urban areas: Comparing lives using rural/urban classifications. Regional Trends, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 11‑86. https://doi.org/10.1057/rt.2011.2
120. Pearson M., 2006. In comes I: Performance, memory and landscape. Exeter: University of Exeter Press.
121. Pile S., 1994. Masculinism, the use of dualistic epistemologies and third space. Antipode, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 255‑277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1994.tb00251.x
122. Pile S., 1999. What is a city? [in:] D. Massey, J. Allen, S. Pile (eds.), City worlds, London–New York: Routledge, pp. 3‑50.
123. Pini B., 2004. On being a nice country girl and an academic feminist: Using reflexivity in rural social research. Journal of Rural Studies, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 169-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2003.08.003
124. Rabbinge R., van Diepen C.A., 2000. Changes in agriculture and land use in Europe. European Journal of Agronomy, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 85‑99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(00)00067-8 ; https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12067
126. Rey G., 1983. Concepts and stereotypes. Cognition, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 237‑262. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(83)90044-6
127. Rusta A., 2018. Deconstruction of rural-urban divide in new tools prospective. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 157‑163.
128. Rutland T., Aylett A., 2008. The work of policy: Actor networks, governmentality, and local action on climate change in Portland, Oregon. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 627-646. https://doi.org/10.1068/d6907
129. Scott A., Gilbert A., Gelan A., 2007. The urban-rural divide? Myth or reality?. Aberdeen: Macaulay Institute.
130. Shapiro S., 1997. Caught in a web: The implications of ecology for radical symmetry in STS. Social Epistemology, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 97-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691729708578832
131. Sher J.P., 1977. Pluralism and the countryside: A brief profile of rural America [in:] J.P. Sher (ed.), Education in rural America, Boulder: Westview Press, pp. 1-8.
132. Shirley R., 2015. Rural modernity, everyday life and visual cultures. Farnham: Ashgate.
133. Sil R., Katzenstein P.J., 2010. Analytic eclecticism in the study of world politics: Reconfiguring problems and mechanisms across research traditions. Perspectives on Politics, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 411‑431. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592710001179
134. Simonsen K., 2013. In quest of a new humanism: Embodiment, experience and phenomenology as critical geography. Progress in Human Geography, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 10‑26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132512467573
135. Siwale J., 2014. Challenging Western perceptions: A case study of rural Zambia [in:] G. Bosworth, P. Somerville (eds.), Interpreting rurality: Multidisciplinary approaches, London–New York: Routledge, pp. 15‑31.
136. Sokołowski D., 1999. Zróżnicowanie zbioru małych miast i większych osiedli wiejskich w Polsce w ujęciu koncepcji kontinuum wiejsko-miejskiego. Toruń: UMK.
137. Sokołowski D., 2015. Functional differentiation of degraded and restituted towns to the background of other similarly sized towns and villages in Eastern Poland [in:] R. Krzysztofik, M. Dymitrow (eds.), Degraded and restituted towns in Poland: Origins, development, problems, Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg, pp. 249-271.
138. Somerville P., Halfacree K., Bosworth G., 2014. Conclusion: Interrogating rural coherence [in:] G. Bosworth, P. Somerville (eds.), Interpreting rurality: Multidisciplinary approaches, London–New York: Routledge, pp. 278-296.
139. Stanny M., Śliwowska Z., Hoffmann R., 2017. Miasto–wieś: dychotomia czy continuum? Rozważania osadzone w trzech kontekstach: socjologicznym, ekonomicznym i geograficznym. Zeszyty Naukowe Wydziału Nauk Ekonomicznych, vol. 1, no. 20, pp. 265-279.
140. Stenbacka S., 2011. Othering the rural: About the construction of rural masculinities and the unspoken urban hegemonic ideal in Swedish media. Journal of Rural Studies, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 235‑244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.05.006
141. Stewart Jr C.T., 1958. The urban-rural dichotomy: Concepts and uses. American Journal of Sociology, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 152-158. https://doi.org/10.1086/222422
142. Szerszynski B., Heim W., Waterton C. (eds.), 2003. Nature performed: Environment, culture and performance. Hoboken: Blackwell.
143. Thrift N., 1993. An urban impasse?. Theory, Culture and Society, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 229‑238. https://doi.org/10.1177/026327693010002012
144. Thrift N., 2000. Performing cultures in the new economy. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 674-692. https://doi.org/10.1111/0004-5608.00217
145. Thrift N., 2007. Non-representational theory: Space, politics, affect. London: Routledge.
146. Tönnies F., 1887 [1957]. Community and society. Mineola: Dover Publications.
147. Torre A., Wallet F., 2014. Towards new paths for regional and territorial development in rural areas. European Planning Studies, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 650-677. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2014.945812
148. Tribe J., Liburd J.J., 2016. The tourism knowledge system. Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 57, pp. 44-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.11.011
149. Tunström M., Smas L., 2017. Spänningar på ett fält – stadsplaneringens diskurs och praktik på gränsen mellan innerstad och förort. Ymer, vol. 137, pp. 145‑164.
150. Ulied A., Biosca O., Rodrigo R., 2010. Urban and rural narratives and spatial development trends in Europe. Barcelona: Mcrit.
151. Venturini T., 2010. Diving in magma: How to explore controversies with actor-network theory. Public Understanding of Science, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 258‑273. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662509102694
152. Waitt G., Cook L., 2007. Leaving nothing but ripples on the water: Performing ecotourism natures. Social & Cultural Geography, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 535‑550. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649360701529782
153. Ward N., Brown D.L., 2009. Placing the rural in regional development. Regional Studies, vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 1237‑1244. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400903234696
154. Weber M., 1904 [1941]. The "objectivity" of sociological and socio-political knowledge. Tübingen: Mohr.
155. Whatmore S., 2002. Hybrid geographies: Natures, cultures, spaces. London: Sage.
156. Whittle A., Spicer A., 2008. Is Actor Network Theory critique?. Organization Studies, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 611-629. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840607082223
157. Winner L., 1993. Upon opening the black box and finding it empty: Social constructivism and the philosophy of technology. Science, Technology, & Human Values, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 362‑378. https://doi.org/10.1177/016224399301800306
158. Wirth L., 1938. Urbanism as a way of life. American Journal of Sociology, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1086/217913
159. Woods M., 2010. Performing rurality and practising rural geography. Progress in Human Geography, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 835‑846. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132509357356
160. Woods M., 2011. Rural. New York: Routledge.
161. Woodward R., 1996. "Deprivation" and "the rural": An investigation into contradictory discourses. Journal of Rural Studies, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 55-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(95)00048-8
162. Wright W., Eaton W.M., 2018. Representing rurality: Cider mills and agritourism [in:] S.L. Slocum, C. Kline, C.T. Cavaliere (eds.), Craft beverages and tourism, Volume 2: Environmental, societal and marketing implications, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 65-82.
163. Wylie J., 2007. Landscape. New York: Routledge.
164. Xin S., Tribe J., Chambers D., 2013. Conceptual research in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 41, pp. 66-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.12.003
165. Yeo J.H., Neo H., 2010. Monkey business: Human–animal conflicts in urban Singapore. Social & Cultural Geography, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 681-699. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2010.508565
166. Young D., Borland R., Coghill K., 2010. An Actor-Network Theory analysis of policy innovation for smoke-free places: Understanding change in complex systems. American Journal of Public Health, vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 1208-1217. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.184705