Diverse and different : on the faces of social solidarity in Warsaw

Korcelli-Olejniczak, Ewa; Piotrowski, Filip

doi:0016-7282

Download

Title: Diverse and different : on the faces of social solidarity in Warsaw

Abstract:

Growing spatial mobility is a challenge to cities is many ways. It brings positive development impulses and social diversity, but at the same time contributes to a decomposition of existing structures and is a challenge to planning. Under the conditions of the obvious signum temporis – an intensifying hyper-diversity and a growing liquidity of values with weakening social bonds and a less evident physical rootedness, the question should be posed whether urban places can still sustain their interactive local identity based on social solidarity, mutual support and trust. The problem is tested on the example of two districts of Warsaw – Praga Północ and Ursynów. In the search for regularities in the relation between the level of social diversity on one side and social solidarity on the other, the analysis focuses on the areas characterised by fundamental differences in their historic development, built environment and social structure.

References:

1. Bachrach K.M., Zautra A.J., 1985. Coping with a community stressor: The threat of a hazardous waste facility. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 127-141.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2136602 -
2. Badyina A., Golubchikov O., 2005. Gentrification in central Moscow: A market process or a deliberate policy? Money, power and people in housing regeneration in Ostozhenka. Geografiska Annaler. Series B. Human Geography, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 113-129.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3684.2005.00186.x -
3. Bauman Z., 2000. Liquid modernity. Malden: Polity Press.
4. Bell D.A., De Shalit A., 2011. The spirit of cities: Why the identity of a city matters in a global age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
5. Berger P.L., Luckmann T., 1966. The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
6. Brown B., Perkins D.D., Brown G., 2004. Incivilities, place attachment and crime: Block and individual effects. Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 359-371.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.01.001 -
7. Butler T., 2003. Living in the bubble: Gentrification and its 'others' in North London. Urban Studies 40: 2469-2486.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098032000136165 -
8. Buttimer A. 1969. Social space in interdisciplinary perspective. Geographical Review, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 417-26.
https://doi.org/10.2307/213485 -
9. Castells M., 1996. The rise of the network society: The information age: Economy, society, and culture. Vol. 1, Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
10. CENTRAL STATISTICAL OFFICE, 2015. Area and population in the territorial profile. Warsaw: Central Statistical Office.
11. Corcoran M., 2002. Place attachment and community sentiment: A European case study. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 47-67.
12. Crow G., Allan G., 1994. Community life: Introduction to local social relationships. London: Routledge.
13. CZAPIŃSKI J., PANEK T., 2015. Social diagnosis: Objective and subjective life quality in Poland. Contemporary Economics, vol. 9, no. 14, Warszawa: Rada Monitoringu Społecznego.
14. Dekker K., 2007. Social capital, neighbourhood attachment and participation in distressed urban areas: A case study in Utrecht and The Hague. Housing Studies, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 255-379.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02673030701254103 -
15. DEMOGRAPHIC YEARBOOK OF POLAND, 2015. Warsaw: Central Statistical Office.
16. District RANKING, 2013. Ranking dzielnic Warszawy pod względem atrakcyjności warunków życia. Urząd Statystyczny w Warszawie, Warszawa: Mazowiecki Ośrodek Badań Regionalnych.
17. Elias N., Scotson J.L., 1994. The established and the outsiders: A sociological inquiry into community problems. London: Sage.
18. GIDDENS A., 2007. Debating diversity. The Guardian, Tuesday 30 October 2007.
19. GOODHART D., 2004. Too diverse?. London: Prospect Magazine, https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/too-diverse-david-goodhart-multiculturalism-britain-immigration-globalisation [10 June 2017].
20. Grabkowska M., 2012. Regeneration of the postsocialist inner city: Social change and bottom-up transformation in Gdańsk. Gdańsk: Pracownia,
21. Granovetter M.S., 1973. The Strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, vol. 78, no. 6, pp. 1360-1380.
https://doi.org/10.1086/225469 -
22. GROCHOWSKI M., GÓRCZYŃSKA M., STĘPNIAK M., KORCELLI-OLEJNICZAK E., WĘCŁAWOWICZ G., ŚLESZYŃSKI P., ROSIK P.,ŚWIĄTEK D., 2013. BEST METROPOLISES – Best development conditions in European metropolises: Paris, Berlin and Warsaw, ESPON Final Report /Version 29/01/2013.
23. Gusfield J.R., 1975. Community: A critical response. New York-London: Harper & Row.
24. Hamnett C. 1991. The blind men and the elephant: The explanation of gentrification. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 173-189.
https://doi.org/10.2307/622612 -
25. HAY R., 1998. Sense of place in a developmental context. Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 5-29.
https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1997.0060 -
26. Healey P., 1997. Collaborative planning. London: Macmillan.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25538-2 -
27. Jacobs J., 1961. The Death and life of great American cities. New York: Random House.
28. Jakóbczyk-Gryszkiewicz J. (ed.), 2015. Procesy gentryfikacji w obszarach Śródmiejskich wielkich miast. Na przykładzie Warszawy, Łodzi i Gdańska. Studia KPZK, vol. 165, Warszawa: Komitet Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania PAN.
29. Jałowiecki B., 1999. Metropolie. Białystok: Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Zarządzania.
30. Jałowiecki B., 2010. Społeczne wytwarzanie przestrzeni. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
31. Komornicki T., Korcelli P., Siłka P., Śleszyński P., Świątek D., 2013. Powiązania funkcjonalne między polskim metropoliami. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie Sedno, Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania PAN.
32. Korcelli-Olejniczak E., 2014. Partycypacja nauki i jej instytucji w kształtowaniu przestrzeni miasta [in:] T. Markowski, D. Stawasz D. (eds.), Partnerstwo i odpowiedzialność w funkcjonowaniu miasta, Studia KPZK, vol. 157, Warszawa: Komitet Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania Kraju PAN, pp. 52-63.
33. KORCELLI-OLEJNICZAK E., BIERZYŃSKI A., DWORZAŃSKI P., GROCHOWSKI M., PIOTROWSKI F., WĘCŁAWOWICZ G., 2017. DIVERCITIES: Dealing with Urban Diversity. The case of Warsaw. Warsaw: IGSO PASc.
34. Korcelli P., Korcelli-Olejniczak E., 2015. On European metropolisation scenarios and the future course of metropolitan development in Poland. Geographia Polonica, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 107-121.
https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0008 -
35. KOVACS Z., WIESNER R., ZISCHNER R., 2013. Urban renewal in the inner-city of Budapest: Gentrification from a post-socialist perspective. Urban Studies, vol. 50, vol. pp. 22-38.
36. Lewicka M., 2008. Place attachment place identity and place memory: Restoring the forgotten city past. Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 208-231.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.02.001 -
37. LEY D., 2003. Artists, aestheticisation and the field of gentrification. Urban Studies, vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 2527-2544.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098032000136192 -
38. Lichtenberger E., 1994. Das metropolitane Zeitalter in Europa in West und Ost. Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft, vol. 136, pp. 8-36.
39. LPR, 2004. Lokalny Program Rewitalizacji Miasta Stołecznego Warszawy na lata 2005-2013. Warszawa: Urząd M.st. Warszawy.
40. Łukasiuk M., 2007. Obcy w mieście: Migracja do współczesnej Warszawy. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie Żak.
41. Majewski J.S., 2010. Spacerownik. Warszawa śladami PRL-u. Biblioteka Gazety Wyborczej, Warszawa: Agora SA.
42. Mazur M. 2012. Witajcie na Ursynowie. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Myśliński.
43. Mendel M., 2013. Residential developers as actors of urban transformation in post-socialist Warsaw. Warszawa: Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania PAN [PhD thesis; unpublished manuscript].
44. Middleton A., Murie A., Growes R., 2005. Social capital and neighbourhoods that work. Urban Studies, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 1711-1738.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500231589 -
45. MUSIL J., 2005. City development in Central and Eastern Europe before 1990: Historical context and socialist legacies [in:] F.E.I Hamilton, K.D. Andrews, N. Pichler-Milanović (eds.), Transformation of cities in Central and Eastern Europe: Towards globalization, Tokyo-New York: United Nations University Press, pp. 22-43.
46. Ouředníček M., Pospíšilová L., Špačková P.,Temelová J., Novák J., 2012. Prostorová typologie a zonace Prahy [in:] M. Ouředníček, Temelová J. (eds.), Sociální proměny pražských čtvrtí, Praha: Academia, pp. 268-297.
47. Peters K., Elands B., Buijs A., 2010. Social interactions in urban parks: Stimulating social cohesion?. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 93-100.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2009.11.003 -
48. PIEKUT A., 2012. Visible and invisible ethnic 'Others' in Warsaw: Spaces of encounter and places of exclusion [in:] M. Grubbauer, J. Kusiak (eds.), Chasing Warsaw socio-material dynamics of urban change since 1990. Frankfurt-New York: Campus, pp. 189-212.
49. Pinkster F.M., Permentier M., Wittebrood K., 2014. Moving considerations of middle-class residents in Dutch disadvantaged neighbourhoods: Exploring the relationship between disorder and attachment. Environment and Planning, vol. 46, no. 12, pp. 2898-2914.
https://doi.org/10.1068/a130082p -
50. POSTMES T., HASLAM A., SWAAB R.I., 2005. Social influence in small groups: An interactive model of social identity formation. European Review of Social Psychology, vol. 16, no., pp. 1-42.
51. PUTNAM R.D., 2000. Bowling alone: Collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
https://doi.org/10.1145/358916.361990 -
52. Putnam R.D. 2007. E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and community in the twenty-first century the 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture. Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 30, no. 2, pp 137-174.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2007.00176.x -
53. PUTNAM R.D., 2008. The rebirth of American civic life. Boston Globe, http://archive.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/03/02/the_rebirth_of_american_civic_life/http://www.bostonglobe.com/ [2 June 2017].
54. Sheller M., Urry J., 2006. The new mobilities paradigm. Environment and Planning A, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 207-26.
https://doi.org/10.1068/a37268 -
55. Smętkowski, M., 2009. Zróżnicowania społeczno--przestrzenne Warszawy – inercja czy metamorfoza struktury miasta?, Przegląd Geograficzny, vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 461-482.
https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2009.1.2 -
56. Śleszyński P., 2012. Warszawa i Obszar Metropolitalny Warszawy a rozwój Mazowsza, Trendy Rozwojowe Mazowsza, vol. 8, Warszawa: Mazowieckie Biuro Planowania Regionalnego.
57. Smith D.P., 2005. 'Studentification': the gentrification factory?. [in:] W.R. Atkinson, G. Bridge (eds.), Gentrification in a global context. The new urban colonialism, London: Routledge, pp. 72-89.
58. Stępniak M., Węcławowicz G., Górczyńska M., Bierzyński A., 2009. Warszawa w świetle Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego 2002. Atlas Warszawy, vol. 11, Warszawa: Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania PAN.
59. Stolle D., Soroko S., Johnston R., 2008. When does diversity erode trust? Neighborhood diversity, interpersonal trust and the mediating effect of social interactions. Political Studies, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 57-75.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00717.x -
60. SYKORA L., 2005. Gentrification in post-communist cities [in:] R. Atkinson, G. Bridge (eds.), Gentrification in a global context: The new urban colonialism, New York-London: Routledge, pp. 90-105.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203392089_chapter_6 -
61. Sykora L., Bouzarovski S., 2011. Multiple transformations: Conceptualising the post-communist urban transition. Urban Studies, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 43-60.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098010397402 -
62. Tasan-Kok T., Van Kempen R., Raco M., Bolt G., 2014. Towards hyper-diversified European cities. A critical literature review. Utrecht: Utrecht University.
63. TOSICS I., 2005. City development in Central and Eastern Europe since 1990: the impacts of internal forces [in:] , F.E.I Hamilton, K.D. Andrews, N. Pichler-Milanović (eds.) Transformation of cities in Central and Eastern Europe: Towards globalization, Tokyo-New York: United Nations University Press, pp. 22-43.
64. TÖLLE A., 2014. Transnationalisation of urban development strategies: Peculiarities of the East-Central European post-socialist city [in:] L. Mierzejewska, J. Parysek (eds.), Cities in a complex world: Problems, challenges and prospects, Poznań: Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, pp. 105-118.
65. Tuan Y.F., 1977. Space and space: the perspective of experience. Minneapolis: University of MinnesotaPress.
66. Watts P., 2009. Living in an oasis: Middle-class disaffiliation and selective belonging in an English suburb. Environment and Planning A, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 2874-2892.
https://doi.org/10.1068/a41120 -
67. WEBBER M.W., 1964. The urban place and the nonplace urban realm [in:] M.W. Webber, Explorations into urban structure, Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press.
https://doi.org/10.9783/9781512808063-005 -
68. WEBBER M.W., 1963. Order in diversity: Community without propinquity [in:] Wingo Lowdon Jr. (ed.) Cities and space: The future use of urban land, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, pp. 23-56.
69. Węcławowicz G., 1992. Segregacja ludności według poziomu wykształcenia w największych Miastach [in:] K. Wódz, K. Czekaj. (eds), Szkoła chicagowska w socjologii: Tradycja myśli społecznej i wymogi współczesnej socjologii empirycznej: Materiały pokonferencyjne, Katowice-Warszawa: Uniwersytet Śląski, Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne Sekcja Socjologii Miasta, pp. 185-222.
70. Węcławowicz G., 1996. Contemporary Poland: Space and Society. London: UCL Press.
71. WĘCŁAWOWICZ G., 2005, Poland [in:] R. Kempen, M. Vermeulen, A. Baan (eds.), Urban issues and urban policies in the new EU countries, Burlington: Ashgate, pp. 61-77.
72. Węcławowicz G., 2005. The Warsaw Metropolitan Area on the eve of Poland's integration into the European Union [in:] I. Hamilton, K. Dimitrovska-Andrews, N. Pilchler-Milanovic. (eds.). Transformation of cities in Central and Eastern Europe: Toward globalization, Tokyo-New York-Paris: United Nations University Press, pp. 223-247.
73. Wood L.J., Giles-Corti B., Bulsara M.K., Bosch D.A., 2007. More than a furry companion: The ripple effect of companion animals on neighbourhood interactions and sense of community. Society & Animals, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 43-56.
https://doi.org/10.1163/156853007X169333 -
74. Vorkin M., Riese H., 2001. Environmental concern in a local context: The significance of place attachment. Environment & Behavior, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 249-263.
https://doi.org/10.1177/00139160121972972 -
75. ZPR, 2015. Zintegrowany Program Rewitalizacji Miasta St. Warszawy. Warszawa: Urząd M.st. Warszawy.