Historical Memories in Transcarpathia: Oral Historical Reflections on the Second World War

Leno, Pavlo

doi:0071-1861

Download

Title: Historical Memories in Transcarpathia: Oral Historical Reflections on the Second World War

Abstract:

Transcarpathia is a border and mostly mountainous region with a rather complex ethnographic and religious mosaic. It borders 4 countries (Hungary, Poland, romania, Slovakia), and geographically is the westernmost part of Ukraine. These factors contributed to the shape of a local multicultural population with fluid identities and very specific worldviews. The deepening of cultural ruptures is increased by regional historical memory, which shows the past in a way that is not described in the official historical grand narrative. This situation is also influenced by ethnic diversity and the presence of ethnic minorities, in particular local Hungarians and Germans, whose reflections on World War II and Sovietization differ both from the official grand narrative and from the memories of local Ukrainians.This study exhibits these differences and attempts to generalize and explain them. The ethnographic data was collected during the author’s fieldwork. among the respondents, there are representatives of various transcarpathian ethnic groups, direct witnesses of the xx century’s most significant events. Memories of these events are analysed through their impact on the everyday life of ordinary people.

References:

Aladar Adam, Zeikan Yuliia, Navrotska Yevheniia 2006, Bilyi kamin z chornoi kativni: khudozhno-dokumentalni opovidi, istorychni materialy, fotodokumenty pro Holokost romiv Zakarpattia, KP Uzhhorodska miska drukarnia, Uzhhorod.
Arzhevitin Stanislav 2020, Zakarpatska Ukrayina: vikorinennya Karpatskoyi Ukrayini. Tom 1,TOV Drukarnya rUta, Kamyanec-Podilskij.
Assman Yan 2004, Kulturnaia pamiat: pysmo, pamiat o proshlom y polytycheskaia ydentychnost v vysokykh kulturakh drevnosty, Yazyky slavianskoi kultury, Moskva.
Baleha Yurii 2006, Z vidstani chasu. Spohady ta ese, vydavnytstvo Hrazhda, Uzhhorod.
Belousov Viktor Ivanovich(ed.) 1969, Zakarpatska oblast’, Kharkivska knyzhkova fabryka im. M.v. frunze, Kyiv.
Čaplowič Ján 1970, Etnographicke pozorovania z Uhorska [in:] Urbanсova viera (ed.), Počiatky slovenskej etnografie,veda, Bratislava, pp. 326–331.
Danylets Jurij 2023, represiyi (1952–1955) [in:] v. Dordyaj, O. Monich, Y. Danilec, a. Svitlinec, S. Kanajlo (eds.), U svitli Bozhoyi slavi: zhittyepis spovidnika pravoslavnoyi cerkvi Zakarpattya arhimandrita Vikentiya (Oros): (18.09.1901–05.03.1982): Biografiya, pastirske sluzhinnya, spogadi, dokumenti, fotolitopis, rIK-U, Uzhgorod, pp. 27–54.
Dobos Sándor, Molnár Ferenc (eds.) 2017, Málenkij Robot – Gupvi Északkelet-Magyarországrólelhurcolt áldozatok névsora (1944–1945), rIK-U–Kiadó, Beregszász–Ungvár.
Dovhovych Vasyl 2003, Zauvazhennia do etnohrafii yak do nauky, MPP Hrazhda, Uzhhorod.
Elynek A. Yeshaiahu 2010, Karpatskaia dyaspora. Evrey Podkarpatskoi Rusy y Mukacheva (1848–1948), Yzdatelstvo v. Padiaka, Uzhhorod.
Fenych Volodymyr 2014, vpravliannia z istoriieiu po-ukrainsky abo yakoiu ne povynna buty istoriia ta istoriohrafiia Zakarpattia pislia 1991 roku, Naukovyi visnyk Uzhhorodskoho universytetu, Seriia Istoriia, vol. 2 no. 33, pp. 138–156.
Ferkov Oksana, Ferkov Klaudiia-Shtefaniia, Shterr Diana 2018, Radianizatsiia Zakarpattia v istorychnii pamiati suchasnoho naselennia kraiu, DvNZ UzhNU, Uzhhorod.
Hlushko Mykhailo 2008, Metodyka polyovoho etnohrafichnoho doslidzhennia, vydavnychyi tsentr LNU imeni Ivana franka, Lviv.
Hrymych Maryna 2008, Practical Methods of folklore and Ethnographic research in Ukraine, Folklorica: Journal of Slavic and East European Folklore Association, vol. 13, University of alberta Print, Edmonton, pp. 145–154.
Hvozdo Mykhailo 2009, Ardovets (Pidvynohradiv): mynule i sohodennia, LIra, Uzhhorod.
Hyidel Ernest 2007, ruteniia Über alles, Ukraina Moderna, vol. 12, pp. 191–217.
Khalbvaks Morys 2007, Sotsyalnye ramky pamiaty, Novoe yzdatelstvo, Moskva.
Kediulych-Khymynets Mariia 2011, Vidlunnia buremnykh rokiv. Spohady, vydavnycha fundatsiia Ukrainian Book, Patent, New York–Uzhhorod.
Kerechan Oleksandr 2004, Oleshnyk – Ehresh. Selo na Vynohradivshchyni, vydavnyctvo v. Padiaka, Uzhhorod.
Khudish Pavlo 2016, Zakarpattia v konteksti chekhoslovatsko-radianskykh vidnosyn (1944–1948), DvNZ UzhNU, Uzhhorod.
Kilianova Gabriela 1994, Etnicita, kultura a granice. Pripad Strednej Europy, Etnologicke rozpravy, no. 2, pp. 45–56.
Prokop Kroupa 1934, Kroupuv pruvodce Podkarpatskou Rusi, Kruh pratel Podkarpatske rusi, Praha – vinohrady.
Kutskir Petro, Rubish Fedir 2012, Lavky: istoryko-etnohrafichne doslidzhennia, Patent, Uzhhorod.
Laver Oleksandr, Makara Mykola 1993, Zminy demohrafichnoi ta etnichnoi struktury naselennia suchasnoho Zakarpattia, Carpatica – Karpatyka, Uzhhorod, ed. 2, pp. 237–246.
Leno Pavlo 2019a, Etnichna gomogenizaciya miskogo naselennya Zakarpattya v roki Drugoyi Svitovoyi vijni ta radyanskij period, Naukovij visnik Uzhgorodskogo universitetu: Seriya: Istoriya,vol. 1, no.40, pp. 55–60.
Leno Pavlo 2019b, Zmina kulturnoho landshaftu BerehovaСщтт za chasiv Stalina (1944–1953 rr.), Ukrainska hunharystyka, vol. 1, pp. 82–90.
Leno Pavlo 2018a, Mobilizatsiia etnichnosti naselennia Zakarpattia u period preventyvnoi radiani-zatsii kraiu (1944–1946 rr.), Arkheolohiia, etnolohiia ta okhorona kulturnoi spadshchyny Pivdenno-Skhidnoi Yevropy. Zbirka naukovykh robit prysviachena 25-richchiu kafedry arkheolohii ta etnolohii Ukrainy Odeskoho natsionalnoho universytetu imeni I.I. Mechnykova, ONU, Odesa, pp. 391–399.
Leno Pavlo, Oblasna presa yak zasib formuvannya identichnosti naselennya Zakarpattya u 1944–1953 rr., Naukovij visnik Uzhgorodskogo universitetu. Seriya: Istoriya, vol. 2, no. 39, pp. 128–135.
Leno Pavlo 2018c, Zlochyny chervonoarmiitsiv v period preventyvnoi radianizatsii Zakarpatskoi Ukrainy, Naukovyi visnyk Uzhhorodskoho universytetu, Seriia Istoriia, vol. 1, no. 38, pp.104–108.
Leno Pavlo 2017, “vizvoliteli”, “okupanti”, “inshi” u kolektivnist svidomosti zakarpatciv. Etnika Karpat. Naukovij shorichnik. Statti ta materiali etnografichnih ekspedicij, vol. 2, pp. 45–55.
Lysiak-Rudnytskyi Ivan 1994, Karpatska Ukraina: narod u poshukakh svoiei identychnosti, [in:] Ivan Lysiak-rudnytskyi, Istorychni ese, vol. 1, pp. 451–470.
Magosci Robert Paul 2016, Chrbtom k horam. Dejiny Karpatskej Rusi a karpatskych Rusinov, vydavatel’stvo Universum-Eu, Prešov.
Magochii Pavlo-Robert 2021, Pidkarpatska Rus: formuvannia natsionalnoi samosvidomosti (1848–1948), vydavnytstvo valeriia Padiaka, Uzhhorod.
Makara Mykola 1995, Natsionalna polityka narodnoi vlady [in:] I.M. Hranchak (ed.), Narysy istorii Zakarpattia, Tom II (1918–1945), Zakarpattia, Uzhhorod, pp. 644–652.
Maryna Vasyl Vasylovych 1995, Rumuny Zakarpattia: problemy istorii ta etnokulturnoho rozvytku, Uzhhorodskyi Derzhavnyi Universytet, Uzhhorod.
Mateleshko Nelia 2009, Yarok. Storinky istorii, KP Uzhhorodska miska drukarnia, Uzhhorod.
Melika Georg 2002, Die Deutschen der Transkarpatien-Ukraine. Entstehung, Entwicklung ihrer Siedlungen und Lebensweise im multiethnischen Raum, Elwert verlag, Marburg.
Melnyk Vasil 1970, Istoriia Zakarpattia v usnykh narodnykh perekazakh ta istorychnykh pisniakh, vydavnytstvo Lvivskoho universytetu, Lviv.
Mishchanyn Vasyl 2020, O beschinstve i samoupravstve otdelnyh voennosluzhashih na territorii Zakarpatskoj Ukrainy 1944–1945 rr.: dokumenti DAZO pro pravoporushennya vijskovih Chervo-noyi armiyi, Naukovyi visnyk Uzhhorodskoho universytetu, Seriia Istoriia, vol. 2, no. 43, pp. 75–83.
Mishchanyn Vasyl 2018, Radianizatsiia Zakarpattia 1944–1950 rr., tOv rIK-U, Uzhhorod.
Moimir Benzha (ed.) 2005, Narodna kultura slovakiv na Ukraini, Mystetska liniia, Uzhhorod.
Navrotska Yevgenyia 2007, Istoriia ta kultura romiv: Metod. posib. dlia vchyteliv, vydavnytstvo Oleksandry Harkushi, Uzhhorod.
Ofitsynskyi Roman 2010, Zakarpattia u viiskovykh operatsiiakh 1944-1945 rokiv [in:] M. vehesh, f. Chilla (eds.), Zakarpattia 1919–2009 rokiv. Istoriia, polityka, kultura, Polihraftsentr LIra, Uzhhorod, pp. 245–252.
Ofitsynskyi Roman 2013, Prymusova pratsia na Zakarpatti 1939–1944 rokiv ochyma «zhyvoi istorii» [in:] O. Hrytsak, r. Ofitsynskyi (eds.), U rabstvi: usni istorii prymusovykh robitnykiv iz Zakarpattia 1939–1944 roki, TOV Iva, Uzhhorod, pp. 8–34.
Ofitsynskyi Roman 2015b, “Sonce dovgozhdanoyi voli”. Koli mayemo svyatkuvati den vizvo-lennya Zakarpattya i vsiyeyi Ukrayini? I chi vizvolennya? [in:] roman Ofitsynskyi, Stalevi nervi toreadora. Ukrayina 2009–2014, pp. 134–140.
Olbracht Ivan 1933, Nikola Šuhaj loupežník, Sfinx Bohumil Janda, Praha.
Olick K. Jeffrey. 2007, The Politics of Regret: On Collective Memory and Historical Responsibility, routledge, New York–London.Oplestilova Hana, Babka Lukas 2014, The Lost World of Subcarpathian Rus’ in the Photographs of Rudolf Hulka (1887–1961), National library of the Czech republic – Slavonic library, Prague.
Potushniak Fedir 2005, Zakarpatska ukrainska etnohrafiia. Znachennia, istoriohrafiia, zavdan-nia, problemy ta yikh vyrishennia, elementy ta yikh rozmishchennia, [in:] M. P. tyvodar (ed.),Zhyttia i naukovi poshuky Fedora Potushniaka, Hrazhda, Uzhhorod, pp. 163–268.
Prunytsia Stepan 1995, Ekonomichne stanovyshche i stratyfikatsiia naselennia, [in:] I. M. Hran-chak (ed.), Narysy istorii Zakarpattia, Tom. II (1918–1945), Zakarpattia, Uzhhorod, pp. 239–247.
Punykó P. Mária 1993, Reggelt adott az Isten. A szenvedès évei kàrpátaljai népi elbeszélésekben, Györffy István Néprajzi Egyesület, Debrecen.rosokha Mariia Ivanivna 2014, Berezovo – kolyska moiei dushi, PP Danylo S.I., Uzhhorod.
Semenyuk Nikolay Nikolayevich (ed.) 1982, Zakarpatskaia oblast, Kharkovskaia knyzhnaia fabryka ym. M.v. frunze, Kyev.
Senko Ivan 1996a, Zakarpatskyi folklor u vseukrainskomu konteksti, [in:] Senko Ivan, Mentalnist ukraintsiv-rusyniv, Polychka Karpatskoho kraiu, Uzhhorod, pp. 14–24.
Senko Ivan 1996b, folklor yak odne z dzherel vyvchennia etnichnoi mentalnosti ukraintsiv-rusyniv, [in:] Senko Ivan, Mentalnist ukraintsiv-rusyniv, Polychka Karpatskoho kraiu, Uzhhorod, pp. 3–13.
Shtork Tomash 2010, Prymusovi roboty, [in:] v. Mykola, f. Chilla (eds.) Zakarpattia 1919–2009: istoriia, polityka, kultura, Polihraftsentr LIra, Uzhhorod, pp. 286–290.
Slavik Yurii 2017, Shliakh do Aushvitsu: Holokost na Zakarpatti, Ukrainskyi instytut vyvchennia Holokostu tkuma, Dnipro.
Slavik Yurii 2013, vykorystannia prymusovoi pratsi v okupovanomu Zakarpatti (1939–1944), [in:] Oleksii Hrytsak, roman Ofitsynskyi (ed.), U rabstvi: usni istorii prymusovykh robitnykiv iz Zakarpattia 1939–1944 rokiv, tOv Iva, Uzhhorod, pp. 115–119.
Tyvodar Mykhailo 2011, Etnohrafiia Zakarpattia: istoryko-etnohrafichnyi narys, Hrazhda, Uzhhorod.Oleksii Hrytsak, roman Ofitsynskyi (eds.) 2013, U rabstvi: usni istorii prymusovykh robitnykiv iz Zakarpattia 1939–1944 rokiv, tOv Iva, Uzhhorod.
Yekelchyk Serhy 2004, Stalin`s empire of Memory. Russian–Ukrainian Relations in the Soviet Historical Imagination, University of toronto Press, toronto–Buffalo–London.
Zhatkovych Yurii 2007, Etnohraficheskii ocherk uhro-russkykh, vydavnytstvo Mystetska Liniia, Uzhhorod.