Object structure
Title:

Forest encroachment on temperate mountain meadows – scale, drivers, and current research directions

Subtitle:

Geographia Polonica Vol. 90 No. 4 (2017)

Creator:

Tokarczyk, Natalia

Publisher:

IGiPZ PAN

Place of publishing:

Warszawa

Date issued/created:

2017

Description:

24 cm

Type of object:

Journal/Article

Subject and Keywords:

origin of meadows ; forest encroachment ; secondary succession ; climate change ; land abandonmend

Abstract:

Meadows are characteristic features of the forested mountain landscape in the northern temperate zone. In terms of origin, they can be classified as natural, semi-natural and improved. Mountain meadows have great ecological value due to vast biodiversity and the ecosystem services they provide. However, over the past few decades, a significant decrease in their area has been observed in many places across the world. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the scale and the main drivers of forest encroachment on temperate mountain meadows as well as to describe current research directions and methods. The observed decline in meadow area may be driven by natural factors related generally to climate change or may result from changes in land use. This process is investigated on a variety of spatial scales ranging from experimental plots to entire geographic regions. Studies on forest encroachment on mountain meadows are now carried out by researchers from many different countries. Nevertheless, there still does not exist a complex, multidisciplinary approach and comparative studies for different mountain ranges are not found in the literature.

References:

1. Albert C.H., Thuiller W., Lavorel S., Davies I.D., Garbolino E., 2008. Land-use change and subalpine tree dynamics: colonization of Larix decidua in French subalpine grasslands. Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 659-669.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01416.x -
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00550.x -
3. Andersen M.D., Baker W.L., 2005. Reconstructing landscape-scale tree invasion using survey notes in the Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming, USA. Landscape Ecology, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 243-258.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-005-1938-3 -
4. Augustyn M., 1993. Połoniny w Bieszczadach Zachodnich. Materiały Muzeum Budownictwa Ludowego w Sanoku, vol. 31, pp. 88-98.
5. Bard G.E., 1952. Secondary succession on the Piedmont of New Jersey. Ecological Monographs, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 195-215.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1943565 -
6. Bartoszek L., Haberska A., Szwagrzyk J., 1990. Zarastanie przez drzewa i krzewy polan Łazek Niżni i Ligarki w Pienińskim Parku Narodowym. Chrońmy Przyrodę Ojczystą, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 17-31.
7. BEZÁK P., HALADA L., PETROVIČ F., BOLTIŽIAR M., OSZLÁNYI J., 2007. Bukovské vrchy in the Slovak Carpathian Mountains – landscape changes and trends [in:] Ü. Mander, H. Wiggering, K. Helming (eds.), Multifunctional Land Use – Meeting Future Demands for Landscape Goods and Services. Berlin: Springer Verlag, pp. 355-367.
8. Billings W.D., Mark A.F., 1957. Factors involved in the persistence of montane treeless balds. Ecology, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 140-142.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1932138 -
9. Blažková D., Březina S., 2003. Secondary succession in abandoned "poloniny" meadows, Bukovské vrchy Mts., Eastern Carpathians, Slovakia. Thaiszia – Journal of Botany, vol. 13, pp. 159-207.
10. Bodziarczyk J., Kucharzyk S., Różański W., 1992. Wtórna sukcesja roślinności leśnej na opuszczonych polanach kośnych w Pienińskim Parku Narodowym. Pieniny – Przyroda i Człowiek, vol. 2, pp. 25-41.
11. Bodziarczyk J., Michalcewicz J., Szwagrzyk J., 1999. Secondary forest succession in abandoned glades of the Pieniny National Park. Polish Journal of Ecology, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 175-189.
12. Bolli J.C., Rigling A., Bugmann H., 2007. The influence of changes in climate and land-use on regeneration dynamics of Norway spruce at the treeline in the Swiss Alps. Silva Fennica, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 55-70.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.307 -
13. Bucała A., Starkel L., 2012. Wpływ gwałtownych i powolnych zmian użytkowania ziemi na przekształcenia środowiska polskich Karpat. Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy, vol. 29, pp. 111-117.
14. Bukowski M., 2009. Dynamika zarastania polan tatrzańskich [in:] M. Guzik (ed.), Długookresowe zmiany w przyrodzie i użytkowaniu TPN. Zakopane: Wydawnictwa Tatrzańskiego Parku Narodowego, pp. 15-32.
15. BUKOWSKI M., 2013. Analiza procesu zarastania polan reglowych w Tatrzańskim Parku Narodowym. Kraków: Uniwersytet Rolniczy im. Hugona Kołłątaja [MS thesis].
16. Butler D.R., 1986. Conifer invasion of subalpine meadows, central Lemhi Mountains, Idaho. Northwest Science, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 166-173.
17. Ciurzycki W., 2003. Gospodarka pasterska a lasy Tatr Polskich. Sylwan, vol. 147, no. 11, pp. 80-85.
18. Ciurzycki W., 2004. Struktura przestrzenna naturalnych odnowień świerkowych na górnoreglowych polanach popasterskich w Tatrach Polskich. Sylwan, vol. 148, no. 7, pp. 20-30.
19. Ciurzycki W., 2004. Wpływ wybranych czynników środowiskowych na dynamikę wkraczania świerka pospolitego na górnoreglowe polany popasterskie w Tatrach Polskich. Sylwan, vol. 148, no. 9, pp. 20-28.
20. Ciurzycki W., 2004. Wtórna sukcesja lasu na polanach górskich wyłączonych z gospodarki pasterskiej. Sylwan, vol. 148, no. 11, pp. 59-66.
21. Ciurzycki W., 2005. Dynamika zarastania przez las górnoreglowych polan popasterskich w Tatrach Polskich. Sylwan, vol. 149, no. 2, pp. 35-41.
22. Cocca G., Sturaro E., Gallo L., Ramanzin M., 2012. Is the abandonment of traditional livestock farming systems the main driver of mountain landscape change in Alpine areas? Land Use Policy, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 878-886.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.01.005 0 -
23. Coop J.D., Givnish T.J., 2007. Spatial and temporal patterns of recent forest encroachment in montane grasslands of the Valles Caldera, New Mexico, USA. Journal of Biogeography, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 914-927.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01660.x -
24. Copenheaver C.A., Fuhrman N.E., Gellerstedt L.S., Gellerstedt P.A., 2004. Tree encroachment in forest openings: A case study from Buffalo Mountain, Virginia. Castanea, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 297-308.
https://doi.org/10.2179/0008-7475(2004)069<0297:TEIFOA>2.0.CO;2 -
25. Dahlström A., Iuga A.-M., Lennartsson T., 2013. Managing biodiversity rich hay meadows in the EU: a comparison of Swedish and Romanian grasslands. Environmental Conservation, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 194-205.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892912000458 -
26. Dengler J., Janišová M., Török P., Wellstein C., 2014. Biodiversity of Palaearctic grasslands: a synthesis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol. 182, pp. 1-14.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.12.015 -
27. De Steven D., 1991. Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: seedling emergence. Ecology, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 1066-1075.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1940606 -
28. De Steven D., 1991. Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: seedling survival and growth. Ecology, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 1076-1088.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1940607 -
29. Didier L., 2001. Invasion patterns of European larch and Swiss stone pine in subalpine pastures in the French Alps. Forest Ecology and Management, vol. 145, no. 1-2, pp. 67-77.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00575-2 -
30. Dostalova A., 2009. Tree seedlings: how do they establish in spontaneously developed forests? A study from a mountainous area in the Czech Republic. Biodiversity and Conservation, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1671-1684.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9549-3 -
31. Dovčiak M., Hrivnák R., Ujházy K., Gömöry D., 2008. Seed rain and environmental controls on invasion of Picea abies into grassland. Plant Ecology, vol. 194, no. 1, pp. 135-148.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-007-9280-2 -
32. Dunwiddie P.W., 1977. Recent tree invasion of subalpine meadows in the Wind River Mountains, Wyoming. Arctic and Alpine Research, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 393-399.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1550531 -
33. Durak T., Żywiec M., Ortyl B., 2013. Rozprzestrzenianie się zarośli drzewiastych w piętrze połonin Bieszczad Zachodnich. Sylwan, vol. 157, no. 2, pp. 130-138.
34. Dyer J.M., Moffett K.E., 1999. Meadow invasion from high-elevation spruce-fir forest in south-central New Mexico. The Southwestern Naturalist, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 444-456.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3672342 -
35. Franklin J.F., Moir W.H., Douglas G.W., Wiberg C., 1971. Invasion of subalpine meadows by trees in the Cascade Range, Washington and Oregon. Arctic and Alpine Research, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 215-224.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1550194 -
36. Frączek M., 1997. Proces wtórnej sukcesji leśnej na łące Kurnikówka w Pienińskim Parku Narodowym. Przegląd Przyrodniczy, vol. 8, no. 1-2, pp. 121-131.
37. Frączek M., 2006. Rola rozmnażania wegetatywnego osiki Populus tremula L. w procesie zarastania nieużytkowanych polan. Studia Naturae, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 47-57.
38. Frączek M., Zborowska M., 2010. Wtórna sukcesja leśna na terenie dawnej wsi Świerzowa Ruska w Magurskim Parku Narodowym. Roczniki Bieszczadzkie, vol. 18, pp. 112-128.
39. Gallay I., Ridzoňová J., Höfer R., 2013. Príspevok k poznaniu priestorovej distribúcie sukcesnych drevín v závislosti od vzdialenosti od lesného okraja. Acta Facultatis Ecologiae, vol. 28, pp. 15-26.
40. Garcia-Ruiz J.M., Lasanta T., Ruiz-Flano P., Ortigosa L., White S., González C., Martí C., 1996. Land-use changes and sustainable development in mountain areas: a case study in the Spanish Pyrenees. Landscape Ecology, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 267-277.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02059854 -
41. Gartzia M., Alados C.L., Pérez-Cabello F., 2014. Assessment of the effects of biophysical and anthropogenic factors on woody plant encroachment in dense and sparse mountain grasslands based on remote sensing data. Progress in Physical Geography, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 201-217.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133314524429 -
42. Gehrig-Fasel J., Guisan A., Zimmermann N.E., 2007. Tree line shifts in the Swiss Alps: Climate change or land abandonment? Journal of Vegetation Science, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 571-582.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2007.tb02571.x -
43. Gellrich M., Baur P., Zimmermann N.E., 2007. Natural forest regrowth as a proxy variable for agricultural land abandonment in the Swiss mountains: a spatial statistical model based on geophysical and socio-economic variables. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 269-278.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-006-9062-6 -
44. Gellrich M., Zimmermann N.E., 2007. Investigating the regional-scale pattern of agricultural land abandonment in the Swiss mountains: A spatial statistical modelling approach. Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 65-76.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.03.004 -
45. Gill D.S., Marks P.L., 1991. Tree and shrub seedling colonization of old fields in central New York. Ecological Monographs, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 183-205.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1943007 -
46. GÖMÖRY D., DOVČIAK M., GÖMÖRYOVÁ E., HRIVNÁK R., JANIŠOVÁ M., UJHÁZY K., 2006. Demekologické, synekologické a genetické aspekty kolonizácie nelesných plôch lesnými drevinami. Zvolen: Technická Univerzita vo Zvolene.
47. GRYNIA M., 1995. Wprowadzenie [in:] M. Grynia (ed.), Łąkarstwo. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Akademii Rolniczej, pp. 1-34.
48. Grzyb S., 1996. Typologiczny podział użytków zielonych w Polsce oraz charakterystyka i zasady identyfikacji ważniejszych jednostek [in:] G. Pucek, E. Golubiewska, H. Jankowska-Huflejt (eds.), Podstawy typologicznego podziału użytków zielonych i zasady ich inwentaryzacji. Seminarium metodyczno-szkoleniowe. Falenty 27-29 sierpnia 1996. Falenty: Wydawnictwo IMUZ, pp. 7-21.
49. Halada L., Evans D., Romão C., Petersen J-E., 2011. Which habitats of European importance depend on agricultural practices? Biodiversity and Conservation, vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 2365-2378.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-9989-z -
50. HALPERN C.B., ANTOS J.A., RICE J.M., HAUGO R.D.,LANG N.L., 2010. Tree invasion of a montane meadow complex: temporal trends, spatial patterns, and biotic interactions. Journal of Vegetation Science, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 717-732.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2010.01183.x -
51. Hejcman M., Hejcmanová P., Pavlů V., Beneš J., 2013. Origin and history of grasslands in Central Europe – a review. Grass and Forage Science, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 345-363.
https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12066 -
52. Holeksa J., Szwagrzyk J., 2006. Zakres, tempo i mechanizmy zmian w przyrodzie terenów chronionych w Polsce – wprowadzenie. Studia Naturae, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 7-11.
53. Hołowkiewicz E., 1885. Lasy i pastwiska górskie. Sylwan, vol. 3, pp. 206-216, 241-247.
54. Hönigová I., Vačkář D., Lorencová E., Melichar J., Götzl M., Sonderegger G., Oušková V., Hošek M., Chobot K., 2012. Survey on grassland ecosystem services. Report of the European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity. Prague: Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic.
55. Hrivnák R., Ujházy K., 2005. Changes of the mountain grassland vegetation after abandonment and colonization by Norway spruce. Ekológia (Bratislava), vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 231-253.
56. Jasiewicz A., 1965. Rośliny naczyniowe Bieszczadów Zachodnich. Monographiae Botanicae, vol. 20. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
57. Jurena P.N., Archer S., 2003. Woody plant establishment and spatial heterogeneity in grasslands. Ecology, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 907-919.
https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0907:WPEASH]2.0.CO;2 -
58. Kaczka R.J., Czajka B., Łajczak A., Szwagrzyk J., Nicia P., 2015. The timberline as result of the interactions among forest, abiotic environment and human activity in the Babia Góra Mt., Western Carpathians. Geographia Polonica, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 177-191.
https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0023 -
59. Kaczka R.J., Lempa M., Czajka B., Janecka K., Rączkowska Z., Hreško J., Bugár G., 2015. The recent timberline changes in the Tatra Mountains: A case study of the Mengusovská Valley (Slovakia) and the Rybi Potok Valley (Poland). Geographia Polonica, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 71-83.
https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0016 -
60. Kaim D., Kolecka N., 2010. Zmiany pokrycia terenu w Tatrach Polskich określone na podstawie powtórzonej fotografii naziemnej. Prace Geograficzne UJ, vol. 123, pp. 31-45.
61. Kolecka N., Kozak J., Kaim D., Dobosz M., Ginzler C., Psomas A., 2015. Mapping secondary forest succession on abandoned agricultural land with LiDAR point clouds and terrestrial photography. Remote Sensing, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 8300-8322.
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70708300 -
62. Kostuch R., 2004. Bioróżnorodność polan i hal beskidzkich oraz problem ich ochrony [in:] U. Myga-Piątek (ed.), Przemiany krajobrazu kulturowego Karpat – wybrane aspekty, Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego PTG, vol. 3, pp. 187-192.
63. Kozak J., 2003. Forest cover change in the western Carpathians in the past 180 years: A case study in the Orawa region in Poland. Mountain Research and Development, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 369-375.
https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0369:FCCITW]2.0.CO;2 -
64. Kozak J., 2005. Zmiany powierzchni lasów w Karpatach Polskich na tle innych gór świata. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
65. Kozak J., Estreguil C., Vogt P., 2007. Forest cover and pattern changes in the Carpathians over the last decades. European Journal of Forest Research, vol. 126, no. 1, pp. 77-90.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-006-0160-4 -
66. Kozak J., Troll M., Widacki W., 1999. Semi-natural landscapes of the Western Beskidy Mts., Ekológia (Bratislava), vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 53-62.
67. KUCHARZYK S., AUGUSTYN M., 2008, Dynamika górnej granicy lasu w Bieszczadach Zachodnich – zmiany w ciągu półtora wieku [in:] J. Holeksa (ed.), Zakres, tempo i mechanizmy zmian w przyrodzie terenów chronionych w Polsce. Część II, Studia Naturae, 54, 2, pp. 133-156.
68. Kucharzyk S., Augustyn M., 2010. Trwałość polan reglowych w Bieszczadzkim Parku Narodowym. Roczniki Bieszczadzkie, vol. 18, pp. 45-58.
69. Kuchnicka E., 1998. Wtórna sukcesja roślin drzewiastych na wybranych polanach w Pienińskim Parku Narodowym. Pieniny – Przyroda i Człowiek, vol. 6, pp. 19-26.
70. Kuemmerle T., Hostert P., Radeloff V.C., Van Der Linden S., Perzanowski K., Kruhlov I., 2008. Cross-border comparison of post-socialist farmland abandonment in the Carpathians. Ecosystems, vol. 11, pp. 614-628.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9146-z -
71. Lach J., 1975. Ewolucja i typologia krajobrazu Beskidu Niskiego z uwzględnieniem gospodarczej działalności człowieka. Prace Monograficzne WSP, vol. 153. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej.
72. Latocha A., 2009. Zmiany krajobrazu wiejskiego w Sudetach w okresie powojennym [in:] Z. Kuriata (ed.), Polskie krajobrazy wiejskie dawne i współczesne. Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego, vol. 12, pp. 130-139.
73. Leonelli G., Pelfini M., Di Cella U.M., Garavaglia V., 2011. Climate warming and the recent treeline shift in the European Alps: The role of geomorphological factors in high-altitude sites. AMBIO, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 264-273.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-010-0096-2 -
74. LEPOFSKY D., HEYERDAHL E.K., LERTZMAN K., SCHAEPE D., MIERENDORF B., 2003. Historical meadow dynamics in southwest British Columbia: a multidisciplinary analysis. Conservation Ecology, vol. 7, no. 3, https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol7/iss3/art5/print.pdf.
75. LEPŠ J., PRACH K., 1990. Introduction [in:] J.M. Osbornová, J. Kovářová, J. Lepš, K. Prach (eds.), Succession in Abandoned Fields: studies in Central Bohemia, Czechoslovakia. Geobotany, vol. 15, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 1-2.
76. Lindsay M.M., Bratton S.P., 1979. Grassy balds of the Great Smoky Mountains: their history and flora in relation to potential management. Environmental Management, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 417-430.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01866581 -
77. Lindsay M.M., Bratton S.P., 1980. The rate of woody plant invasion on two grassy balds. Castanea, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 75-87.
78. Macdonald D., Crabtree J.R., Wiesinger G., Dax T., Stamou N., Fleury P., Gutierrez Lazpita J., Gibon A., 2000. Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe: Environmental consequences and policy response. Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 47-69.
https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.1999.0335 -
79. Magee T.K., Antos J.A., 1992. Tree invasion into a mountain-top meadow in the Oregon Coast Range, USA. Journal of Vegetation Science, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 485-494.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3235805 -
80. Mark A.F., 1958. The ecology of the southern Appalachian grass balds. Ecological Monographs, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 293-336.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1942236 -
81. Martazinova V., Ivanova O., Shandra O., 2011. Climate and treeline dynamics in the Ukrainian Carpathians Mts. Folia Oecologica, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 65-71.
82. Michalik S., 1986. Pasterstwo a ochrona przyrody w parkach narodowych polskich Karpat. Chrońmy Przyrodę Ojczystą, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 19-29.
83. Michalik S., 1990. Sukcesja roślinności na polanie reglowej w Gorczańskim Parku Narodowym w okresie 20 lat w wyniku zaprzestania wypasu. Prądnik, vol. 2, pp. 137-148.
84. Mihai B., Savulescu I., Sandric I., 2007. Change detection analysis (1986-2002) of vegetation cover in Romania. A Study of alpine, subalpine, and forest landscapes in the Iezer Mountains, Southern Carpathians. Mountain Research and Development, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 250-258.
https://doi.org/10.1659/mred.0645 -
85. Miller E.A., Halpern C.B., 1998. Effects of environment and grazing disturbance on tree establishment in meadows of the central Cascade Range, Oregon, USA. Journal of Vegetation Science, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 265-282.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3237126 -
86. Mladenov C., Ilieva M., 2012. The depopulation of the Bulgarian villages. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, vol. 17, pp. 99-107.
87. Moore M.M., Huffman D.W., 2004. Tree encroachment on meadows of the North Rim, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, U.S.A. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 474-483.
https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2004)036[0474:TEOMOT]2.0.CO;2 -
88. Motta R., Morales M., Nola P., 2006. Human land-use, forest dynamics and tree growth at the treeline in the Western Italian Alps. Annals of Forest Science, vol. 63, no. 7, pp. 739-747.
https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2006055 -
89. Munteanu C., Kuemmerle T., Boltiziar M., Butsic V., Gimmi U., Halada L., Kaim D., Király G., Konkoly-Gyuró E., Kozak J., Lieskovský J., Mojses M., Müller D., Ostafin K., Ostapowicz K., Shandra O., Štych P., Walker S., Radeloff V.C., 2014. Forest and agricultural land change in the Carpathian region – A meta-analysis of long-term patterns and drivers of change. Land Use Policy, vol. 38, pp. 685-697.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.01.012 -
90. Navarro L.M., Pereira H.M., 2012. Rewilding abandoned landscapes in Europe. Ecosystems, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 900-912.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-012-9558-7 -
91. Norman S.P., Taylor A.H., 2005. Pine forest expansion along a forest-meadow ecotone in northeastern California, USA. Forest Ecology and Management, vol. 215, no. 1-3, pp. 51-68.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.05.003 -
92. Nowak A., Tokarczyk N., 2014. Transformations of traditional land use and settlement patterns of Kosarysche Ridge (Chornohora, Western Ukraine). Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, vol. 24, pp. 191-201.
93. Nowak M., Kostuch R., 1974. Gospodarka łąkowa i pasterska w Bieszczadach Zachodnich. Problemy Zagospodarowania Ziem Górskich, vol. 13, pp. 5-44.
94. Nowiński M., 1970. Użytki trawiaste świata pod względem przyrodniczym i gospodarczym [in:] M. Falkowski (ed.), Łąkarstwo. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, pp. 44-77.
95. Ostapowicz K., Szablowska-Midor A., 2005. Wpływ działalności człowieka na zmiany zasięgu polan w masywie Babiej Góry [in:] D. Ptaszycka-Jackowska (ed.), Babia Góra. Nasze wspólne dziedzictwo. Zawoja: Babiogórski Park Narodowy, pp. 105-110.
96. Pancer-Koteja E., Sochacka D., Bacior S., 2006. Mapy katastralne z połowy XIX wieku jako źródło danych o zmianach roślinności w Pienińskim Parku Narodowym. Studia Naturae, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 173-188.
97. Parolo G., Abeli T., Gusmeroli F., Rossi G., 2011. Large-scale heterogeneous cattle grazing affects plant diversity and forage value of Alpine species-rich Nardus pastures. Grass and Forage Science, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 541-550.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2011.00810.x -
98. Paterek A., Olędzki J.R., 2005. Zmiany w zasięgu pięter roślinnych w Tatrach w latach 1977-1999. Teledetekcja Środowiska, vol. 36, pp. 106-118.
99. Pavlů V., Hejcman M., Pavlů L., Gaisler J., Nežerková P., Guerovich Andaluz M., 2005. Vegetation changes after cessation of grazing management in the Jizerské Mountains (Czech Republic). Annales Botanici Fennici, vol. 42, pp. 343-349.
100. Pärtel M., Bruun H.H., Sammul M., 2005. Biodiversity in temperate European grasslands: origin and conservation [in:] R. Lillak, R. Viiralt, A. Linke, V. Geherman (eds.), Integrating efficient grassland farming and biodiversity. Proceedings of the 13th International Occasional Symposium of the European Grassland Federation. Tartu, Estonia, 29-31 August 2005, Tartu: Estonian Grassland Society, pp. 1-14.
101. Prach K., Lepš J., Michálek J., 1996. Establishment of Picea abies seedlings in a central European mountain grassland: an experimental study. Journal of Vegetation Sciences, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 681-684.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3236379 -
102. Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M., Madeyska E., Mierzeńska M., 2006. Vegetational changes in the montane grassland zone of the High Bieszczady mountains (southeast Poland) during the last millennium – pollen records from deposits in hanging peat-bogs. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 391-401.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-006-0057-7 -
103. Rehman A., 1895. Ziemie dawnej Polski. T. 1. Karpaty opisane pod względem fizyczno-geograficznym, Lwów.
104. Rey Benayas J.M., Martins A., Nicolau J.M., Schulz J.J., 2007. Abandonment of agricultural land: an overview of drivers and consequences. Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, vol. 2, no. 57, pp. 1-14.
https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR20072057 -
105. Rice J.M., Halpern C.B., Antos J.A., Jones J.A., 2012. Spatio-temporal patterns of tree establishment are indicative of biotic interactions during early invasion of a montane meadow. Plant Ecology, vol. 213, no. 4, pp. 555-568.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-012-0021-9 -
106. Rochefort R.M., Peterson D.L., 1996. Temporal and spatial distribution of trees in subalpine meadows of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 52-59.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1552085 -
107. Roush W., Munroe J.S., Fagre D.B., 2007. Development of a spatial analysis method using ground-based repeat photography to detect changes in the alpine treeline ecotone, Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S.A. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 297-308.
https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2007)39[297:DOASAM]2.0.CO;2 -
108. Ruskule A., Nikodemus O., Kasparinska Z., Kasparinskis R., Brūmelis G., 2012. Patterns of afforestation on abandoned agriculture land in Latvia. Agroforestry Systems, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 215-231.
109. Schüpbach B., Grünig A., Walter T., 2004. Grassland and landscape aesthetics [in:] A. Lüscher, B. Jeangros, O. Huguenin, M. Lobsiger, N. Millar, D. Suter (eds.), Land Use Systems in Grassland Dominated Regions. Proceedings of the 20th General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation. Luzern, Switzerland 21-24 June 2004. Grassland Science in Europe, vol. 9, Zürich: Swiss Grassland Society, pp. 186-188.
110. Sirami C., Brotons L., Martin J.-L., 2007. Vegetation and songbird response to land abandonment: from landscape to census plot. Diversity and Distributions, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 42-52.
111. Sitko I., Troll M., 2008. Timberline changes in relation to summer farming in the Western Chornohora (Ukrainian Carpathians). Mountain Research and Development, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 263-271.
https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd.0963 -
112. Sitzia T., Semenzato P., Trentanovi G., 2010. Natural reforestation is changing spatial patterns of rural mountain and hill landscapes: A global overview. Forest Ecology and Management, vol. 259, no. 8, pp. 1354-1362.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.01.048 -
113. Soja M., 2001. Rozwój ludnościowy a zmiany użytkowania ziemi w Beskidzie Niskim w XIX i XX wieku. Problemy Ekologii Krajobrazu, vol. 10, pp. 686-691.
114. Soliva R., 2007. Agricultural decline, landscape change, and outmigration. Mountain Research and Development, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 124-129.
https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd.0907 -
115. Švajda J., 2008. Climate change and timber line in the European mountains – current knowledge and perspectives. Oecologia Montana, vol. 17, pp. 30-33.
116. Szwagrzyk J., 1995. Teoria sukcesji ekologicznej na tle współczesnych badań: Przykłady z lasów Ameryki Północnej. Wiadomości Botaniczne, vol. 39, pp. 71-80.
117. Szwagrzyk J., 2004. Sukcesja leśna na gruntach porolnych; stan obecny, prognozy i wątpliwości. Sylwan, vol. 148, no. 4, pp. 53-59.
118. Szwagrzyk J., Frączek M., Puszczałowski T., Sojda T., 2004. Secondary forest succession on abandoned farmland of the Beskid Niski range. Folia Forestalia Polonica, ser. A, vol. 46, pp. 5-20.
119. Szweykowska A., Szweykowski J. (eds.), 2003. Słownik botaniczny. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna.
120. Takaoka S., Swanson F.J., 2008. Change in extent of meadows and shrub fields in the central western Cascade Range, Oregon. The Professional Geographer, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1-14.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00330120802212099 -
121. Tasser E., Walde J., Tappeiner U., Teutsch A., Noggler W., 2007. Land-use changes and natural reforestation in the Eastern Central Alps. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 115-129.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.05.004 -
122. Tokarczyk N., 2012. Zmiany powierzchni górnoreglowych polan gorczańskich w latach 1954-2003. Prace Geograficzne UJ, vol. 128, pp. 7-16.
123. Tokarczyk N., 2012. Znaczenie górnoreglowych polan dla turystyki w Gorcach, Folia Turistica, vol. 26, pp. 133-147.
124. Tokarczyk N., 2013. Renaturalizacja górnoreglowych polan gorczańskich. Sylwan, vol. 157, no. 2, pp. 113-121.
125. Tokarczyk N., 2015. Zarastanie polan reglowych w polskich Karpatach w świetle istniejących badań. Chrońmy Przyrodę Ojczystą, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 243-256.
126. Treml V., Chuman T., 2015. Ecotonal dynamics of the altitudinal forest limit are affected by terrain and vegetation structure variables: An example from the Sudetes Mountains in Central Europe. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 133-146.
https://doi.org/10.1657/AAAR0013-108 -
127. Treml V., Migoń P., 2015. Controlling factors limiting timberline position and shifts in the Sudetes: A review. Geographia Polonica, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 55-70.
https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0015 -
128. Treml V., Šenfeldr M., Chuman T., Ponocná T., Demková K., 2016. Twentieth century treeline ecotone advance in the Sudetes Mountains (Central Europe) was induced by agricultural land abandonment rather than climate change. Journal of Vegetation Science, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 1209-1221.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12448 -
129. Vale T.R., 1981. Tree invasion of montane meadows in Oregon. American Midland Naturalist, vol. 105, no. 1, pp. 61-69.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2425010 -
130. Van Uytvanck J., Decleer K., Hoffmann M., 2008. Establishment patterns of woody species in low intensity-grazed pastures after the cessation of intensive agricultural use. Forest Ecology and Management, vol. 256, no. 1-2, pp. 106-113.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.04.008 -
131. Vassilev K., Pedashenko H., Nikolov S.C., Apostolova I., Dengler J., 2011. Effect of land abandonment on the vegetation of upland semi-natural grasslands in the Western Balkan Mts., Bulgaria. Plant Biosystems, vol. 145, no. 3, pp. 654-665.
https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2011.601337 -
132. Weigl P.D., Knowles T.W., 2014. Temperate mountain grasslands: a climate-herbivore hypothesis for origins and persistence. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 466-476.
https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12063 -
133. Weisberg P.J., Shandra O., Becker M.E., 2013. Landscape influences on recent timberline shifts in the Carpathian Mountains: Abiotic influences modulate effects of land-use change. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 404-414.
https://doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246-45.3.404 -
134. Wesołowska M., 2009. Zmiany roślinności łąkowej Tatr Zachodnich i ich przedpola w ciągu ostatniego półwiecza [in:] M. Guzik (ed.), Długookresowe zmiany w przyrodzie i użytkowaniu TPN, Zakopane: Wydawnictwa Tatrzańskiego Parku Narodowego, pp. 91-104.
135. Wężyk P., Pyrkosz R., 1999. Użytkowanie polan w Gorcach na przestrzeni lat 1954-1997 na podstawie fotogrametrycznego opracowania zdjęć lotniczych. Archiwum Fotogrametrii, Kartografii i Teledetekcji, vol. 9, pp. 223-232.
136. WINNICKI T., 1999. Zbiorowiska roślinne połonin Bieszczadzkiego Parku Narodowego (Bieszczady Zachodnie, Karpaty Wschodnie). Monografie Bieszczadzkie, vol. 4, Ustrzyki Dolne: Ośrodek Naukowo-Dydaktyczny Bieszczadzkiego Parku Narodowego.
137. WINNICKI T., ZEMANEK B., 2003. Przyroda Bieszczadzkiego Parku Narodowego: XXX lat Bieszczadzkiego Parku Narodowego 1973-2003. Ustrzyki Dolne: Ośrodek Naukowo-Dydaktyczny Bieszczadzkiego Parku Narodowego.
138. Wolski J., 2007. Przekształcenia krajobrazu wiejskiego Bieszczadów Wysokich w ciągu ostatnich 150 lat. Prace Geograficzne, vol. 214, Warszawa: Instytut Geografii I Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania PAN.
139. Woodward A., Schreiner E.G., Silsbee D.G., 1995. Climate, geography, and tree establishment in subalpine meadows of the Olympic Mountains, Washington, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 217-225.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1551952 -
140. Wrzesień M., Zwijacz-Kozica T., 2006. Wykorzystanie metody powtórzonych fotografii do ilościowej analizy zmian pokrycia terenu na przykładzie Hali Gąsienicowej. Studia Naturae, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 265-273.
141. Zajíčková L, Brůna J., Vojta J., Kopecký M., Klagová Z., 2011. Od zemědělské krajiny k novodobým pralesům. Živa, vol. 4, pp. 155-158.
142. Zald H.S.J., 2009. Extent and spatial patterns of grass bald land cover change (1948-2000), Oregon Coast Range, USA. Plant Ecology, vol. 201, no. 2, pp. 517-529.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-008-9511-1 -
143. Zald H.S.J., Spies T.A., Huso M., Gatziolis D., 2012. Climatic, landform, microtopographic, and overstory canopy controls of tree invasion in a subalpine meadow landscape, Oregon Cascades, USA. Landscape Ecology, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1197-1212.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-012-9774-8 -
144. Zarzycki J., Kaźmierczakowa R., 2006. Przemiany łąk świeżych i pastwisk w Pienińskim Parku Narodowym w ciągu ostatnich 35 lat XX wieku. Studia Naturae, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 275-304.
145. Zarzycki J., Korzeniak J., 2013. Łąki w polskich Karpatach – stan aktualny, zmiany i możliwości ich zachowania. Roczniki Bieszczadzkie, vol. 21, pp. 18-34.
146. Zarzycki K., 1963. Lasy Bieszczadów Zachodnich. Acta Agraria et Silvestria, ser. Leśna, vol. 3, pp. 3-132.

Relation:

Geographia Polonica

Volume:

90

Issue:

4

Start page:

463

End page:

480

Resource type:

Text

Detailed Resource Type:

Article

Format:

File size 2,7 MB ; application/pdf

Resource Identifier:

0016-7282 ; 10.7163/GPol.0112

Source:

CBGiOS. IGiPZ PAN, call nos.: Cz.2085, Cz.2173, Cz.2406 ; click here to follow the link

Language:

eng

Rights:

Creative Commons Attribution BY-SA 3.0 PL license

Terms of use:

Copyright-protected material. [CC BY-SA 3.0 PL] May be used within the scope specified in Creative Commons Attribution BY-SA 3.0 PL license, full text available at: ; -

Digitizing institution:

Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Original in:

Central Library of Geography and Environmental Protection. Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization PAS

Projects co-financed by:

European Union. European Regional Development Fund ; Programme Innovative Economy, 2010-2014, Priority Axis 2. R&D infrastructure

Access:

Open

×

Citation

Citation style: