Object structure
Title:

Transport network infrastructure in the context of population changes in five EU states (1960–2020)

Subtitle:

Europa XXI 47 (2024)

Creator:

Rosik, Piotr : Autor Affiliation ORCID ; Komornicki, Tomasz : Autor Affiliation ; Goliszek, Sławomir : Autor Affiliation ORCID ; Duma, Patryk : Autor Affiliation ORCID ; Mazur, Marcin (1982– ) : Autor Affiliation ORCID

Publisher:

IGiPZ PAN

Place of publishing:

Warszawa

Date issued/created:

2024

Description:

29 cm ; Każdy numer posiada własny tytuł.

Abstract:

Changes in accessibility that took place in Western Europe, and then also in Central and Eastern Europe, in recent decades were associated, on the one hand, with the processes of intensively expanding transport infrastructure networks, and, on the other hand, with demographic changes. Transport policy in some countries was based on a strategy of sustainable growth, where the development of infrastructure, both at the national and regional level, progressed in parallel with changes in the settlement structure. However, in other countries or regions it acted reactively, following the processes of population growth and concentration, or proactively, i.e. anticipating these changes. Both reactive and proactive policies are unsustainable, either in the national or in the regional sense. However, it is crucial to look at the aspect of unsustainable increase in accessibility in terms of the sequence of events, stages and policy prioritization decade by decade. The model of potential accessibility used for several countries at the same time allows to notice certain regularities related to the mutual impact of transport and spatial policy. The aim of the paper is to indicate effects of spatial and transport policies in the context of population changes, infrastructural changes and, in general, changes in potential accessibility, decade by decade (1961–2021) from the point of view of spatial policy objectives for five European countries.

References:

Adamatzky, A., Allard, O., Jones, J., & Armstrong, R. (2017). Evaluation of French motorway network in relation to slime mould transport networks. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 44(2), 364-383. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265813515626924 DOI
Axhausen, K. W., Froelich, P., & Tschopp, M. (2011). Changes in Swiss accessibility since 1850. Researchin Transportation Economics, 31(1), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RETREC.2010.11.010 DOI
Bănică, A., & Camară, G. (2011). Accessibility and tourist function development of the Romanian small towns. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 7(1), 22-133.
Baradaran, S., & Ramjerdi, F. (2001). Performance of accessibility measures in Europe. Journal of Transportation and Statistics, 4(2/3), 31-48.
Barlet, M., & Collin, C. (2010). Localisation des professionnels de santé libéraux. Comptes nationaux de la santé, 27-56.
Barlet, M., Coldefy, M., Collin, C., & Gabrielli, V. L. (2012). L'Accessibilité potentielle localisée (APL): une nouvelle mesure de l'accessibilité aux soins appliquée aux médecins généralistes libéraux en France. DT51.
BBR (2005). Raumordnungsbericht 2005. Berichte 21. Bonn: Bundesamt für Bauwesen und Raumordnung.
BBSR (2011). Erreichbarkeitsmodell des BBSR. Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung.
Biosca, O., Spiekermann, K., & Stępniak, M. (2013). Transport accessibility at regional scale. Europa XXI, 24, 5-17. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2013.24.1 DOI
Borowska-Stefańska, M., Kowalski, M., & Wiśniewski, S. (2019). The Measurement of Mobility-Based Accessibility - The Impact of Floods on Trips of Various Length and Motivation. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 8(12), 534. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8120534 DOI
Bozzani, S., & L'Hostis, A. (2006). Lille, une métropole sans aéroport international? analyse de la performance territoriale du noeud air-fera grande vitesse de Roissy-Charles-de-Gaulle pour l'accessibilité lilloise. Recherche-Transports-Sécurité, 23(92), 155-170. DOI
Bruinsma, F., & Rietveld, P. (1998). The Accessibility of European Cities: Theoretical Framework and Comparison of Approaches. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 30(3), 499-521. https://doi.org/10.1068/A300499 DOI
Cattan, N., & Grasland, C. (1997). Les différentiels d'accessibilité des villes moyennes en France. Rapport de recherche pour le METL.
Chapelon, L., & Leclerc, R. (2007). Accessibilité ferroviaire des villes françaises en 2020. La documentation française.
Claire, P., Dupont-Kieffer, A., & Palmier, P. (2022). Potential accessibility to the workplace by public transit and its social distribution in Lille, France: A scenario-based equity appraisal. Transport Policy, 125, 256-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.06.005 DOI
Condeço-Melhorado, A., Gutiérrez Puebla, J., & García Palomares, J. C. (2014). Influence of distancedecay on the measurement of spillover effects of transport infrastructure: a sensitivity analysis.GeoFocus. International Review of Geographical Information Science and Technology, 13_1, 22–47.
Condeço-Melhorado, A., Martín, J. C., & Gutiérrez, J. (2011). Regional spillovers of transport infrastructure investment: A territorial cohesion analysis. European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.18757/ejtir.2011.11.4.2942 DOI
Condeço-Melhorado, A., Zofío, J. L., & Christidis, P. (2017). Drivers of changes in Spanish accessibility for the 1960-2010 period. European Transport Research Review, 9, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12544-017-0229-9 DOI
Delbosc, A., & Currie, G. (2011). Exploring the relative influences of transport disadvantage and social exclusion on well-being. Transport Policy, 18(4), 555-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2011.01.011 DOI
Dong, X., Ben-Akiva, M. E., Bowman, J. L., & Walker, J. L. (2006). Moving from trip-based to activity-based measures of accessibility. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 40(2), 163-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRA.2005.05.002 DOI
Dumitrache, L., Nae, M., Simion, G., & Taloș, A. M. (2020). Modelling potential geographical accessof the population to public hospitals and quality health care in Romania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 8487. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228487 DOI
Fayard, A., Meunier, D., & Quinet, E. (2012). Motorway provision and management in France: Analyses and policy issues. Networks and Spatial Economics, 12, 299-319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-009-9122-y DOI
Gadziński, J., & Radzimski, A. (2016). The first rapid tram line in Poland: How has it affected travel behaviours, housing choices and satisfaction, and apartment prices? Journal of Transport Geography, 54, 451-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.11.001 DOI
Galán, J. M. N., González, J. R. F., Gallego, J. A. G., Álvarez, J. A. P., & Ruiz, T. C. (2002). Determinación de la accesibilidad a los centros de actividad económica de Extremadura mediante técnicas SIG. XIV Congreso Internacional de Ingeniería gráfica: Santander, 2002, actas de congreso 5, 6 y 7 de junio. Universidad de Cantabria.
García-Palomares, J. C. (2000). El impacto de las autopistas orbitales en la accesibilidad del área metropolitana de Madrid. Tecnologias Geográficas para el Dearrollo Sostenible. Alcalá: Dppartamento de Geografia, Universidad de Alcalà. DOI
Geurs, K. T., & Ritsema van Eck, J. R. (2001). Accessibility measures: review and applications. Evaluation of accessibility impacts of land-use transportation scenarios, and related social and economic impact. RIVM Rapport 408505006.
Geurs, K. T., & Ritsema van Eck, J. R. (2003). Evaluation of accessibility impacts of land-use scenarios: The implications of job competition, land-use, and infrastructure developments for the Netherlands. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 30(1), 69-87. https://doi.org/10.1068/b12940 DOI
Geurs, K. T., & van Wee, B. (2004). Accessibility evaluation of land-use and transport strategies: review and research directions. Journal of Transport Geography, 12(2), 127-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JTRANGEO.2003.10.005 DOI
Geurs, K., Zondag, B., De Jong, G., & de Bok, M. (2010). Accessibility appraisal of land-use/transport policy strategies: More than just adding up travel-time savings. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 15(7), 382-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2010.04.006 DOI
Goliszek, S. (2017). Space-time variation of accessibility to jobs by public transport - a case study of Szczecin, Europa XXI, 33, 49-66. http://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2017.33.4 DOI
Goliszek, S. (2021). GIS tools and programming languages for creating models of public and private transport potential accessibility in Szczecin, Poland. Journal of Geographical Systems, 23(1), 115-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-020-00337-z DOI
Goliszek, S., & Połom, M. (2016). The use of general transit feed specification (GTFS) application to identify deviations in the operation of public transport at morning peak hours on the example of Szczecin. Europa XXI, 31, 51-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2016.31.4 DOI
Goliszek, S., Połom, M., & Duma, P. (2020). Potential and cumulative accessibility of workplaces by public transport in Szczecin. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, 50, 133-146. https://doi.org/10.2478/bog-2020-0037 DOI
González, J.A. (2004). Construcció i anàlisi comparativa d'indicadors d'accessibilitat per als municipis de Catalunya. Memòria de doctorat de la Geografia presentada a la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, sota la direcció de Juan Antonio Módenes. Mimeo.
González-González, E., & Nogués, S. (2016). Regional polycentricity: an indicator framework for assessing cohesion impacts of railway infrastructures. European Planning Studies, 24(5), 950-973. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2016.1142506 DOI
Grasland, C. (2000). L'inégale accessibilité routière des villes de plus de 20 000 habitants. In M.-F., Mattei & D., Pumain (Eds.). Données Urbaines (pp. 309-326). Paris: Anthropos.
Gutiérrez, J. (2001). Location, economic potential and daily accessibility: an analysis of the accessibility impact of the high-speed line Madrid-Barcelona-French border. Journal of Transport Geography, 9(4), 229-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6923(01)00017-5 DOI
Gutiérrez, J., Condeço-Melhorado, A., López, E., & Monzón, A. (2011). Evaluating the European added value of TEN-T projects: a methodological proposal based on spatial spillovers, accessibility and GIS. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(4), 840-850. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JTRANGEO.2010.10.011 DOI
Guzik, R. (2003). Przestrzenna dostępność szkolnictwa ponadpodstawowego. Kraków: Instytut Geografii i Gospodarki Przestrzennej UJ.
Guzik, R., & Kołoś, A. (2003). Evolution of accessibility in Carpathian Spa resorts between 1938 and 2000. Prace Geograficzne, 111, 357-368.
Hansen, W. G. (1959). How Accessibility Shapes Land Use. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 25(2), 73-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944365908978307 DOI
Harris, C. D. (1954). The, market as a factor in the localization of industry in the United States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 44(4), 315–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045605409352140 DOI
Hernandez Luis, J.A. (2002). Temporal accessibility in archipelagos: inter island shipping in the Canary Islands. Journal of Transport Geography, 10(3), 231-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6923(02)00014-5 DOI
Holl, A. (2007). Twenty years of accessibility improvements. The case of the Spanish motorway building programme. Journal of Transport Geography, 15(4), 286-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2006.09.003 DOI
Holl, A. (2011). Factors influencing the location of new motorways: large scale motorway building in Spain. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(6), 1282-1293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.06.006 DOI
Jenelius, E., Petersen, T., & Mattsson, L. G. (2006). Importance and exposure in road network vulnerability analysis. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 40(7), 537-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRA.2005.11.003 DOI
Keeble, D., Owens, P. L., & Thompson, C. (1982). Regional accessibility and economic potential in the European community. Regional Studies, 16(6), 419-432. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595238200185421 DOI
Killer, V., Fuhrer, R., Guth, D., Holz-Rau, C., & Axhausen, K. W. (2013). Road accessibility of Germany and Switzerland 1970-2007. Arbeitsberichte Verkehrs-und Raumplanung, 936.
Komornicki, T., & Goliszek, S. (2023). New transport infrastructure and regional development of Central and Eastern Europe. Sustainability, 15(6), 5263. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065263 DOI
Komornicki, T., & Spiekermann, K. (2018). Accessibility of the Baltic Sea region past and future dynamics, research report. Spiekermann & Wegener Urban and Regional Research on the behalf of VASAB Secretariat at Latvian State Regional Development Agency.
Komornicki, T., Rosik, P., Goliszek, S., & Duma, P. (2021). Accessibility Dimensions and Changes in Northeastern Poland: The Case of Podlaskie Region. In E., Vitale-Brovarone, G., Cotella & L., Staricco (Eds.). Rural Accessibility in European Regions (pp. 139-158). London: Routledge. DOI
Komornicki, T., Rosik, P., Stępniak, M., Śleszyński, P., Goliszek, S., Pomianowski, W., & Kowalczyk, K. (2018). Evaluation and monitoring of accessibility changes in Poland using the MAI indicator. Ministry of Investment and Economic Development.
Kotavaara, O., Antikainen, H., & Rusanen, J. (2011). Population change and accessibility by road and rail networks: GIS and statistical approach to Finland 1970-2007. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(4), 926-935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.10.013 DOI
L'Hostis, A., Menerault, P., & Decoupigny, C. (2004). Assessing spatial planning policy with accessibility indicators: The case of Lille's metropolis scenario. In M., Beuthe, V., Himanen, A., Reggiani & L., Zamparini (Eds.) Transport developments and innovations in an evolving world (pp. 293-312). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. DOI
López, E. (2007). Assessment of transport infrastructure plans: A strategic approach integrating efficiency, cohesion and environmental aspects. Ph.D. dissertation. Madrid: Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.
López, E., Gutiérrez, J., & Gómez, G. (2008). Measuring regional cohesion effects of large-scale transport infrastructure investments: an accessibility approach. European Planning Studies, 16(2), 277-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310701814629 DOI
López, E., Monzón, A., Mancebo, S., Ortega, E., Gutiérrez, J., & Gómez, G. (2006). Impactos territoriales del PEIT: Plan Estratégico de Infraestructuras y Transporte 2005-2020. VII Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte (CIT), Ciudad Real.
López, E., Ortega, E., & Condeço-Melhorado, A. M. (2009). Análisis de impactos territoriales del Plan Estratégico de Infraestructuras y Transporte 2005-2020: Cohesión regional y efectos desbordamiento. ICE, Revista de Economía, 848.
Lucas-Gabrielli, V., & Mangeney, C. (2020). How can the Methods for Measuring the Spatial Inequalities of Access to General Practitioners be Improved? Illustration in Ile-de-France. Questions d'économie de la Santé, 246.
Martens, K., Golub, A., & Robinson, G. (2012). A justice-theoretic approach to the distribution of transportation benefits: Implications for transportation planning practice in the United States. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 46(4), 684-695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2012.01.004 DOI
Monzon, A., Lopez, E., & Ortega, E. (2019). Has HSR improved territorial cohesion in Spain? An accessibility analysis of the first 25 years: 1990-2015. European Planning Studies, 27(3), 513-532. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2018.1562656 DOI
MRD (2011). National Spatial Development Concept 2030. Warsaw: Ministry of Regional Development.
Niedzielski, M. A. (2021). Grocery store accessibility: Different metrics - Different modal disparity results and spatial patterns. Journal of Transport Geography, 96, 103160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103160 DOI
Niedzielski, M. A., & Kucharski, R. (2019). Impact of commuting, time budgets, and activity durations on modal disparity in accessibility to supermarkets. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 75, 106-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.08.021 DOI
Niedzielski, M., & Śleszyński, P. (2008). Analyzing accessibility by transport mode in Warsaw, Poland. Geographia Polonica, 81(2), 61-78.
Ortega, E., López, E., & Monzón, A. (2012). Territorial cohesion impacts of high-speed rail at different planning levels. Journal of Transport Geography, 24, 130-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.10.008 DOI
Ortega, E., Quintana, S. M., & Pastor, I. O. (2011). Road and railway accessibility atlas of Spain. Journal of Maps, 7(1), 31-41. https://doi.org/10.4113/jom.2011.1167 DOI
Östh, J., Reggiani, A., & Galiazzo, G. (2014). Novel methods for the estimation of cost-distance decay in potential accessibility models. In A., Condeço Melhorado, A., Reggiani & J., Gutiérrez (Eds.). Accessibility and Spatial Interaction (pp. 15-37). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. DOI
Reggiani, A., Bucci, P., & Russo, G. (2011). Accessibility and network structures in the German commuting. Networks and Spatial Economics, 11, 621-641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-010-9149-0 DOI
Reggiani, A., Bucci, P., & Russo, G. (2011). Accessibility and impedance forms: empirical applications to the German commuting network. International Regional Science Review, 34(2), 230-252. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017610387296 DOI
Rich, D. C. (1978). Population potential, potential transportation cost and industrial location. Area, 10(3), 222-226.
Rokicki, B., & Stępniak, M. (2018). Major transport infrastructure investment and regional economic development - An accessibility-based approach. Journal of Transport Geography, 72, 36-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.08.010 DOI
Rokicki, B., Haddad, E. A., Horridge, J. M., & Stępniak, M. (2021). Accessibility in the regional CGE framework: the effects of major transport infrastructure investments in Poland. Transportation, 48(2), 747-772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-019-10076-w DOI
Rosik, P., & Stępniak, M. (2015). Monitoring of changes in road potential accessibility at municipality level in Poland, 1995-2015. Geographia Polonica, 88(4), 607-620. https://doi. org/10.7163/GPol.0036 DOI
Rosik, P., Stępniak, M., & Wiśniewski, R. (2021). Delineation of health care deserts using accessibility measures: the case of Poland. European Planning Studies, 29(6), 1151-1173. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2020.1818184 DOI
Rosik, P., Mazur, M., Komornicki, T., Goliszek, S., Stępniak, M., Duma, P., Jakubowski, A., & Pomianowski, W. (2025). National and regional potential accessibility convergence by decay and decades in Germany, France, Spain, Poland and Romania in the years of 1960-2020. Journal of Transport Geography, 123, 104106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2024.104106 DOI
Rosik P., Mazur, M., Stępniak, M., Komornicki T., Goliszek, S., Duma, P., & Churski, P. (2025b). What drives potential accessibility decomposition? Temporal and spatial variability of the impact of infrastructure and population components in France, Spain and Poland in the years 1960-2020. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 18, 1. https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2025.2508 DOI
Rusu, A., Groza, O., & Necșuliu, R. (2021). Potential accessibility models and planning policy design in Romania: Are the fixed model's parameters leading to wrong interpretations? Present Environment & Sustainable Development, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.15551/pesd2021151010 DOI
Schürmann, C., & Spiekermann, K. (2010). Erreichbarkeit ausgewählter zentralörtlicher Einrichtungen in Bayern. Dortmund: S&W.
Schürmann, C., & Spiekermann, K. (2011). Räumliche Wirkungen von Verkehrsprojekten. Ex post Analysen im stadtregionalen Kontext. BBSR-Online Publikation 2/2011. Bonn: Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung (BBSR) im Bundesamt für Bauwesen und Raumordnung (BBR).
Śleszyński, P. (2021). Rozwój miast w Polsce a ich położenie względem autostrad i dróg ekspresowych. Przegląd Geograficzny, 93(2), 233-248. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2021.2.5 DOI
Spiekermann, K., Wegener, M., Květoň, V., Marada, M., Mattern, T., Stych, P., Schürmann, C., Biosca, O., Ulied Segui, A., Antikainen, H., Kotavaara, O., Rusanen, J., Bielańska, D., Fiorello, D., Komornicki, T., Rosik, P., & Stępniak, M. (2015b). TRACC Transport Accessibility at Regional/Local Scale and patterns in Europe. ESPON Applied Research. Final Report. Volume 3 TRACC Regional Case Study Book.
Spiekermann, K., Wegener, M., Květoň, V., Marada, M., Schürmann, C., Biosca, O., Ulied Segui, A., Antikainen, H., Kotavaara, O., Rusanen, J., Bielańska, D., Fiorello, D., Komornicki, T., Rosik, P., & Stępniak, M. (2015a). TRACC Transport Accessibility at Regional/Local Scale and patterns in Europe. ESPON Applied Research, Final Report. Volume 2 TRACC Scientific Report.
Stępniak, M., & Rosik, P. (2013). Accessibility improvement, territorial cohesion and spillovers: a multidimensional evaluation of two motorway sections in Poland. Journal of Transport Geography, 31, 154-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.06.017
Stępniak, M., & Rosik, P. (2013). Accessibility of services of general interest at regional scale. Europa XXI, 23, 131-147. DOI
Stępniak, M., & Rosik, P. (2016). From improvements in accessibility to the impact on territorial cohesion: the spatial approach. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 9(3), 1-13. https://doi. org/10.5198/jtlu.2015.570 DOI
Stępniak, M., & Rosik, P. (2018). The role of transport and population components in change in accessibility: the influence of the distance decay parameter. Networks and Spatial Economics, 18, 291-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-017-9376-8 DOI
Stępniak, M., Pritchard, J. P., Geurs, K. T., & Goliszek, S. (2019). The impact of temporal resolution on public transport accessibility measurement: Review and case study in Poland. Journal of Transport Geography, 75, 8-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.01.007 DOI
Stępniak, M., Rosik, P., & Komornicki, T. (2013). Accessibility patterns: Poland case study. Europa XXI, 24, 77-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2013.24.6 DOI
Taylor, Z. (2003). Accessibility to facilities versus daily mobility of rural dwellers: The case of Poland. In G., Higgs (Ed.). Rural Services and Social Exclusion, European Research in Regional Science (pp. 95-125). London: Pion.
Velasco Echeverria X., Izquieta Rojano S., Sola Torralba I., Salinas Sole C., Llano Verduras C., Moral Carcedo J., Pérez García J., Ángel Almazán M., Pérez-Balsalobre S., Pardo Fernández J., Gallego López N., Kallioras D., Tsiapa M., Rasvanis E., Manetos P., Adamakou M., Topaloglou L., Petrakos G., Viseu Cardoso R., Dabrowski M., Uyttebrouck C., Spiekermann K., Schwarze B., Rauhut D., Halme J., Kahila P., Fritsch M., Komornicki T., Rosik P., Wiśniewski R., Szejgiec-Kolenda B., Wójcik J., Cerić D., Czapiewski K., Mazur M., & Pomianowski W. (2022). Interregional Relations in Europe. Main report. Final report. Luxembourg: ESPON.
Węcławowicz, G. (2002). Przestrzeń i społeczeństwo współczesnej Polski: studium z geografii społeczno-gospodarczej. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Wenner, F., & Thierstein, A. (2021). Rail accessibility in Germany: Changing regional disparities between 1990 and 2020. Raumforschung und Raumordnung/Spatial Research and Planning, 79(2), 95-115. https://doi.org/10.14512/rur.63 DOI
Więckowski, M., Michniak, D., Bednarek-Szczepańska, M., Chrenka, B., Ira, V., Komornicki, T., Rosik, P., Stępniak, M., Szekely, V., Śleszyński, P., Świątek, D., & Wiśniewski, R. (2014). Road accessibility to tourist destinations of the Polish-Slovak borderland: 2010-2030 prediction and planning. Geographia Polonica, 87(1), 5-26. http://dx.doi. org/10.7163/GPol.2014.1 DOI
Wiśniewski, S., Borowska-Stefańska, M., Kowalski, M., & Sapińska, P. (2020). Vulnerability of the accessibility to grocery shopping in the event of flooding. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 87, 102510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102510

Relation:

Europa XXI

Volume:

46

Resource type:

Tekst

Detailed Resource Type:

Artykuł

Format:

application/octet-stream

Resource Identifier:

1429-7132 (print) ; 2300-8547 (online) ; 10.7.7163/Eu21.2024.47.12

Source:

CBGiOŚ. IGiPZ PAN, sygn.: Cz.6406, Cz.6407 ; click here to follow the link

Language:

eng

Language of abstract:

eng

Rights:

Licencja Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0

Terms of use:

Zasób chroniony prawem autorskim. [CC BY 4.0 Międzynarodowe] Korzystanie dozwolone zgodnie z licencją Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0, której pełne postanowienia dostępne są pod adresem: ; -

Digitizing institution:

Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania Polskiej Akademii Nauk

Original in:

Centralna Biblioteka Geografii i Ochrony Środowiska Instytutu Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania PAN

Projects co-financed by:

Unia Europejska. Europejski Fundusz Rozwoju Regionalnego ; Program Operacyjny Innowacyjna Gospodarka, lata 2010-2014, Priorytet 2. Infrastruktura strefy B + R

Access:

Otwarty

×

Citation

Citation style: