@misc{Ligarski_Sebastian_(1975–_)_Środowisko_2011,
 author={Ligarski, Sebastian (1975– )},
 volume={10},
 editor={Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences},
 copyright={Creative Commons Attribution BY-ND 4.0 license},
 address={Warszawa},
 journal={Polska 1944/45-1989 : studia i materiały},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2011},
 publisher={Instytut Historii PAN},
 language={pol},
 abstract={The artistic community in Poland followed all changes occurring in the USSR with great interest, starting from the moment Mikhail Gorbachev was elected First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. At that time, the Polish authorities regarded artists, and especially writers, as an important opinion-forming community. On the one hand, the documents produced by the Security Service illustrated the inertia of the official Association of Polish Writers, imposed on the community after 1983, on the other, the endeavours of independent literary groups to reactivate the Pen Club and to establish a network of independent literary clubs and societies. Former members of the APW from before 1983 tried to create new associations, as illustrated by the attempt of the literary communities from Łódź and Wrocław. In Łódź in March of 1988 a “Cultural Society of Łódź” was established, and in Wrocław – a Trade Union of Polish Writers of the Independent Self-governing Trade Union “Solidarity”. Similar initiatives were undertaken towards other artistic communities throughout Poland.Due to the observable decay of the official authorities (the administration, party and rationed associations), the only competent structure was the Ministry of Internal Affairs, able to control operationally independent artistic communities. That control was exercised till the very end of the political system. In the first quarter of 1990 the Department for Protection of the Constitutional Order of the State at the Ministry of Internal Affairs and its local branches consistently gathered the information about an atmosphere and frame of mind among artists. Opinions were noted of the unification of Germany and the whole array of Polish-German matters (the issue of borders and integrity of the Western Polish frontier), Lithuanian’s independence and economic crisis together with Leszek Balcerowicz’ reforms. The artistic communities anxiously awaited changes in the cultural situation in Poland.},
 type={Text},
 title={Środowisko twórcze wobec zmian w Polsce w 1989 roku},
 URL={http://rcin.org.pl./Content/59716/PDF/WA303_78864_B155-Polska-T-10-2011_Ligarski.pdf},
 keywords={Poland - politics and governments - 1980-1989, Poland - 1989 (Polish Round Table Agreement), intellectuals - Poland - attitudes - 1945-, artists - Poland - attitudes - 1945-, Poland - intellectual life - 1945-1989, cultural policy - Poland - 1945-1990},
}